Sewage and Waste Management
![Diagram of a flushable toilet from Sir John Harington’s Metamorphosis Upon Ajax (1596), sig. L5r. Image courtesy of LUNA at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Diagram of a flushable toilet from Sir John Harington’s Metamorphosis Upon Ajax (1596), sig. L5r. Image courtesy of LUNA at the Folger Shakespeare Library.](graphics/harington_toilet.jpg)
From at least the mid-fourteenth century onward, the threat of improperly disposed
waste was a serious—and persistent—concern to royal and civic officials. This concern
was motivated by ideology as well as premodern medical theories of disease-transmission.
For ideological reasons, civic officials strove to maintain the ideal, divinely ordained
social and spatial order within their urban communities. Anyone or anything not in
its
properplace (whether this was a so-called
masterlessman or illegally disposed waste) therefore became a target for civic correction and attempted social reform (Jørgensen,
Good Rule). In addition to this ideological basis for civic concern, prevalent miasmic and humoral theories also held that putrefying matter (including but certainly not limited to fecal waste of humans and animals) had the power to corrupt the surrounding air. Corrupted air, in turn, was held to be one of many causes of plague outbreaks (Ciecieznski). In fact, the series of waste-management reforms that Edward III initiated during the second half of the fourteenth century seems to have been motivated at least in part by the king’s desire to prevent any further plague outbreaks in the aftermath of the epidemic of 1348 (Sabine,
City Cleaning).
To assist in the practical implementation of city-cleaning efforts, the mayors and
aldermen of English towns and cities instituted a number of localized administrative
positions devoted to the cleansing of city streets and waterways. These lower-ranking
positions emerged first in London, beginning in the fourteenth century, and had spread to other English towns by the
sixteenth century (Sabine,
City Cleaning; Jørgenson,
Good Rule). In London, the Sergeant of the Channels surveyed local streets and lanes to make sure they were kept free of rubbish; he also had the power to fine violators. Beadles, with the aid of Constables, also participated in city-cleaning efforts by urging citizens to adhere to public ordinances and collecting fines associated with failures to comply. Rakers and Scavengers, meanwhile, were charged with physically removing rubbish from streets and transporting it to designated areas beyond the city limits or to designated areas on the banks of Thames, whence the rubbish would be removed by dung-boats (Sabine,
City Cleaning22-23). In addition to these public offices, annual wardmote juries were charged with hearing complaints brought by private citizens in matters of sanitation and public nuisances.
Waste-management regulations and city-cleaning efforts in early modern London and other English cities and towns continued regularly, if periodically, in a similar
fashion until the seventeenth century, when the severity of punishments for transgressors
against waste-management regulations notably increased (Sabine,
Latrines and Cesspools318). Especially in London, this increased severity was clearly a consequence of the city’s phenomenal population growth and dramatically increased urban density, which placed a corresponding pressure on the urban ecological environment with respect to collective waste disposal. In fact, the modern, principally cloacal connotation of the word sewer actually emerges in the early years of the seventeenth century (Owen 275). The OED links this emergence to the 1605 parliamentary expansion of the
Commission of the Sewersunder James I to include all non-navigable waterways (ditches, channels, sewers, etc.) within a two-mile radius of the City of London (OED sewer, n.1.2.a). Sabine also notes that the use of cesspools—underground vaults for storing privy waste—increased throughout the seventeenth century in response to growing concern over the public health perils of improperly disposed channel waste (Sabine,
Latrines and Cesspools318).
This growing public concern is also evident in popular literature from the late-Elizabethan
and early-Jacobean periods. Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II, which features a conspicuous recurrence of sewage and hazardous waste exposure,
dates from the 1590s. According to James Harner, so does the anonymous ballad The Woful Lamentation of Jane Shore (Harner). So, too, does Sir John Harington’s Metamorphosis Upon Ajax, a treatise advocating the widespread use of his newly invented flushable toilet
for the benefit of the City of London and other English towns (Jørgenson,
Ajax). Two well-known Jacobean satirists, Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson, each described the attempted cleansing of early modern London’s principal ditches as a Herculean endeavor. In his 1609 The Gull’s Hornbook, Dekker compared the
scowring of Moore-ditchto
the cleansing of Augeaes stable(Dekker sig. B4r-B4v), while Jonson invokes Hercules (who undertook the cleansing of those Augean stables) as one of his muses in his
On the Famous Voyage(Jonson l. 2). Jonson’s poem, which invokes Harington as its other principal muse, depicts a mock-epic journey up the Fleet River/Fleet Ditch, a watercourse lined with privies that speak
louder than the ox in Livyand sinks (i.e., open sewers) that
pour outtheir rage against the intrepid travelers (Jonson ll. 74-75).
Jonathan Swift’s
Description of a City Shower,published nearly one hundred years after Jonson’s mock epic, suggests that the urban problem of excess sewage and improperly disposed waste continued to be a noxious nuisance to civic officials and city residents well into the eighteenth century. In fact, open sewers continued to be a primary, if also potentially hazardous, means of waste disposal until the mid-nineteenth century, when the
Great Stinkof 1858 finally prompted the implementation of London’s underground sewer system—the accomplishment of which was a Herculean effort in its own right.
References
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Citation
Ciecieznski, N.J.The Stench of Disease: Public Health and the Environment in Late-Medieval English Towns and Cities.
Health, Culture, and Society 4.1 (2013): 92–104. doi:10.5195/hcs.2013.114.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Dekker, Thomas. The Gul’s Horne-booke. London: [Nicholas Okes] for R. S[ergier?], 1609. Rpt. EEBO. Web.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Harington, Sir John. A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, Called the Metamorphosis of Ajax. London: Richard Field, dwelling in the Blackfriars, 1596. Rpt. EEBO. Web.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Harner, James.
Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 71.2 (1977): 137–149. doi:10.1086/pbsa.71.2.24302079.The Wofull Lamentation of Mistris Jane Shore
: The Popularity of an Elizabethan Ballad.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Jørgenson, Dolly.
Journal of Urban History 36.3 (2010): 300–315. doi:10.1177/0096144209359141.All Good Rule of the Citee
: Sanitation and Civic Government in England, 1400–1600.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Jørgenson, Dolly.The Metamorphosis of Ajax, Jakes, and Urban Sanitation.
Early English Studies 3 (2010): 1–31.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Marlowe, Christopher. The Troublesome Raigne and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England. London: William Jones, dwelling neere Holbourne conduit, at the signe of the Gunne, 1594. Rpt. EEBO. Web.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Owen, A.E.B.Land Drainage Authorities and their Records.
Prisca Munimenta: Studies in Archival and Administrative History Presented to A.E.J. Hollaende. Ed. Felicity Ranger. London: U of London P, 1973. 274–281. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Oxford English Dictionary. Oxforde UP. https://www.oed.com/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Sabine, Ernest.Latrines and Cesspools of Mediaeval London.
Speculum 9.3 (1934): 303–321. doi:10.2307/2853898.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Sabine, Ernest.City Cleaning in Medieval London.
Speculum 12.1 (1937): 19–43. doi:10.2307/2848659.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Swift, Jonathan.A Description of a City-Shower.
Miscellaneous Works, Comical & Diverting. London: Printed by Order of the Society de Propogando, 1720. 405–407. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
The Woful Lamentation of Jane Shore. London: Printed for F. Coles, T. Vere, and J. Wright, 1693–1695. Remediated by English Broadside Ballad Archive.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Sewage and Waste Management.The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 15 Sep. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm.
Chicago citation
Sewage and Waste Management.The Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm.
2020. Sewage and Waste Management. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Foley, Christopher ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Sewage and Waste Management T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/09/15 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/SEWA1.xml ER -
RefWorks
RT Web Page SR Electronic(1) A1 Foley, Christopher A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Sewage and Waste Management T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/09/15 RD 2020/09/15 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#FOLE1"><surname>Foley</surname>, <forename>Christopher</forename></name></author>.
<title level="a">Sewage and Waste Management</title>. <title level="m">The Map of
Early Modern London</title>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename>
<surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>,
<date when="2020-09-15">15 Sep. 2020</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/SEWA1.htm</ref>.</bibl>
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Joey Takeda
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Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
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Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–present. Associate Project Director, 2015–present. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad
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Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
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Christopher Foley
CF
Christopher Foley received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Barbara, in December 2015. His research interests include Renaissance drama, urban ecology, and civic management initiatives in early modern London. He has also worked on a number of digital humanities projects housed in the UCSB English Department, including the English Broadside Ballad Archive, the Early Modern British Theatre: Access initiative, and the Early Modern Center’s online publishing platform:the EMC Imprint.Roles played in the project
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Martin D. Holmes
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Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
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Thomas Dekker is mentioned in the following documents:
Thomas Dekker authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Bevington, David. Introduction.
The Shoemaker’s Holiday.
By Thomas Dekker. English Renaissance Drama: A Norton Anthology. Ed. David Bevington, Lars Engle, Katharine Eisaman Maus, and Eric Rasmussen. New York: Norton, 2002. 483–487. Print. -
Dekker, Thomas. Britannia’s Honor.
The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker.
Vol. 4. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Print. -
Dekker, Thomas. The Dead Tearme. Or Westminsters Complaint for long Vacations and short Termes. Written in Manner of a Dialogue betweene the two Cityes London and Westminster. 1608. The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker. Ed. Rev. Alexander B. Grosart. 5 vols. 1885. Reprint. New York: Russell and Russell, 1963. 4.1–84.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Gull’s Horn-Book: Or, Fashions to Please All Sorts of Gulls. Thomas Dekker: The Wonderful Year, The Gull’s Horn-Book, Penny-Wise, Pound-Foolish, English Villainies Discovered by Lantern and Candelight, and Selected Writings. Ed. E.D. Pendry. London: Edward Arnold, 1967. 64–109. The Stratford-upon-Avon Library 4.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Gul’s Horne-booke. London: [Nicholas Okes] for R. S[ergier?], 1609. Rpt. EEBO. Web.
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Dekker, Thomas. If it be not good, the Diuel is in it A nevv play, as it hath bin lately acted, vvith great applause, by the Queenes Maiesties Seruants: at the Red Bull. London: Printed by Thomas Creede for John Trundle, 1612. STC 6507. EEBO.
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Dekker, Thomas. Lantern and Candlelight. 1608. Ed. Viviana Comensoli. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2007. Publications of the Barnabe Riche Society.
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Dekker, Thomas. Londons Tempe, or The Feild of Happines. London: Nicholas Okes, 1629. STC 6509. DEEP 736. Greg 421a. Copy: British Library; Shelfmark: C.34.g.11.
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Dekker, Thomas. Londons Tempe, or The Feild of Happines. London: Nicholas Okes, 1629. STC 6509. DEEP 736. Greg 421a. Copy: Huntington Library; Shelfmark: Rare Books 59055.
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Dekker, Thomas. Londons Tempe, or The Feild of Happines. London: Nicholas Okes, 1629. STC 6509. DEEP 736. Greg 421a. Copy: National Library of Scotland; Shelfmark: Bute.143.
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Dekker, Thomas. London’s Tempe. The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Print.
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Dekker, Thomas. The magnificent entertainment giuen to King James, Queene Anne his wife, and Henry Frederick the Prince, upon the day of his Majesties triumphant passage (from the Tower) through his honourable citie (and chamber) of London, being the 15. of March. 1603. As well by the English as by the strangers: with the speeches and songes, deliuered in the severall pageants. London: Printed by Thomas Creede for Thomas Man the younger, 1604. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Magnificent Entertainment: Giuen to King James, Queene Anne his wife, and Henry Frederick the Prince, ypon the day of his Majesties Triumphant Passage (from the Tower) through his Honourable Citie (and Chamber) of London being the 15. Of March. 1603. London: T. Man, 1604. Treasures in full: Renaissance Festival Books. British Library. Web. Open.
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Dekker, Thomas? The Owles almanacke prognosticating many strange accidents which shall happen to this kingdome of Great Britaine this yeere, 1618 : calculated as well for the meridian mirth of London, as any other part of Great Britaine : found in an Iuy-bush written in old characters / and now published in English by the painefull labours of Mr. Iocundary Merry-braines. London, 1618. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr.
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Dekker, Thomas. Penny-wise pound foolish or, a Bristow diamond, set in two rings, and both crack’d Profitable for married men, pleasant for young men, and a rare example for all good women. London, 1631. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Second Part of the Honest Whore, with the Humors of the Patient Man, the Impatient Wife: the Honest Whore, perswaded by strong Arguments to turne Curtizan againe: her braue refuting those Arguments. London: Printed by Elizabeth All-de for Nathaniel Butter, 1630. STC 6506. EEBO.
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Dekker, Thomas. The seuen deadly sinnes of London drawne in seuen seuerall coaches, through the seuen seuerall gates of the citie bringing the plague with them. London, 1606. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Shoemaker’s Holiday. Ed. R.L. Smallwood and Stanley Wells. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1979. The Revels Plays.
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Dekker, Thomas. The Shomakers Holiday: or, The Gentle Craft With the Humorous Life of Simon Eyre, Shoomaker, and Lord Maior of London. London, 1600. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr.
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Dekker, Thomas, Stephen Harrison, Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton. The Whole Royal and Magnificent Entertainment of King James through the City of London, 15 March 1604, with the Arches of Triumph. Ed. R. Malcolm Smuts. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 219–79.
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Dekker, Thomas. Troia-Noua Triumphans. London: Nicholas Okes, 1612. STC 6530. DEEP 578. Greg 302a. Copy: Chapin Library; Shelfmark: 01WIL_ALMA.
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Dekker, Thomas. Westward Ho! The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker. Vol. 2. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1964.
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Middleton, Thomas, and Thomas Dekker. The Roaring Girl. Ed. Paul A. Mulholland. Revels Plays. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1987. Print.
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Munday, Anthony, Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and William Shakespeare. Sir Thomas More. Ed. Vittorio Gabrieli and Giorgio Melchiori. Revels Plays. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1990. Print.
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Smith, Peter J.
Glossary.
The Shoemakers’ Holiday. By Thomas Dekker. London: Nick Hern, 2004. 108–110. Print.
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Edward III
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England
(b. 12 November 1312, d. 21 June 1377)Edward III is mentioned in the following documents:
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James VI and I
James This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 6VI This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of Scotland King of England King of Ireland
(b. 1566, d. 1625)James VI and I is mentioned in the following documents:
James VI and I authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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James VI and I. Letters of King James VI and I. Ed. G.P.V. Akrigg. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Print.
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Rhodes, Neill, Jennifer Richards, and Joseph Marshall, eds. King James VI and I: Selected Writings. By James VI and I. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.
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Ben Jonson is mentioned in the following documents:
Ben Jonson authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Chapman, George, Ben Jonson, and John Marston. Eastward Ho! Ed. R.W. Van Fossen. New York: Manchester UP, 1999. Print.
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Dekker, Thomas, Stephen Harrison, Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton. The Whole Royal and Magnificent Entertainment of King James through the City of London, 15 March 1604, with the Arches of Triumph. Ed. R. Malcolm Smuts. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 219–79.
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Gifford, William, ed. The Works of Ben Jonson. By Ben Jonson. Vol. 1. London: Nichol, 1816. Remediated by Internet Archive.
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Jonson, Ben. The Alchemist. London: New Mermaids, 1991. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Bartholomew Fair. Ed. E.A. Horsman. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1979. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Bartholomew Fair. Ed. Suzanne Gossett, based on The Revels Plays edition ed. E.A. Horsman. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000. Revels Student Editions. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. B. Ion: his part of King Iames his royall and magnificent entertainement through his honorable cittie of London, Thurseday the 15. of March. 1603 so much as was presented in the first and last of their triumphall arch’s. London, 1604. STC 14756. EEBO.
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Jonson, Ben. The Complete Poetry of Ben Jonson. Ed. William B. Hunter. Stuart Edtions. New York: New YorkUP, 1963.
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Jonson, Ben. The Devil is an Ass. Ed. Peter Happé. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 1996. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Epicene. Ed. Richard Dutton. Revels Plays. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Every Man Out of His Humour. Ed. Helen Ostovich. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2001. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. The First, of Blacknesse, Personated at the Court, at White-hall, on the Twelfth Night, 1605. The Characters of Two Royall Masques: The One of Blacknesse, the Other of Beautie. Personated by the Most Magnificent of Queenes Anne Queene of Great Britaine, &c. with her Honorable Ladyes, 1605 and 1608 at White-hall. London : For Thomas Thorp, and are to be Sold at the Signe of the Tigers Head in Paules Church-yard, 1608. Sig. A3r-C2r. STC 14761. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. Oberon, The Faery Prince. The Workes of Benjamin Jonson. Vol. 1. London: Will Stansby, 1616. Sig. 4N2r-2N6r. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. The Staple of Newes. The Works. Vol. 2. London: Printed by I.B. for Robert Allot, 1631. Sig. 2A1r-2J2v. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. The Staple of News. Ed. Anthony Parr. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1999. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben.
To Penshurst.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt, Carol T. Christ, Alfred David, Barbara K. Lewalski, Lawrence Lipking, George M. Logan, Deidre Shauna Lynch, Katharine Eisaman Maus, James Noggle, Jahan Ramazani, Catherine Robson, James Simpson, Jon Stallworthy, Jack Stillinger, and M. H. Abrams. 9th ed. Vol. B. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 1547. -
Jonson, Ben. The vvorkes of Beniamin Ionson. Containing these playes, viz. 1 Bartholomew Fayre. 2 The staple of newes. 3 The Divell is an asse. London, 1641. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr. STC 14754.
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Christopher Marlowe is mentioned in the following documents:
Christopher Marlowe authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Marlowe, Christopher. The Troublesome Raigne and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England. London: William Jones, dwelling neere Holbourne conduit, at the signe of the Gunne, 1594. Rpt. EEBO. Web.
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Jonathan Swift is mentioned in the following documents:
Jonathan Swift authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Swift, Jonathan.
A Description of a City-Shower.
Miscellaneous Works, Comical & Diverting. London: Printed by Order of the Society de Propogando, 1720. 405–407. Print. -
Swift, Jonathan.
A Description of a City Shower.
Jonathan Swift. Ed. Angus Ross and David Wooley. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984. Print.
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Hercules is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sir John Harington
(b. in or before 3 May 1592, d. between 26 February 1614 and 27 February 1614)Second Baron Harington of Exton. Courtier.Sir John Harington is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir John Harington authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Harington, Sir John. A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, Called the Metamorphosis of Ajax. London: Richard Field, dwelling in the Blackfriars, 1596. Rpt. EEBO. Web.
Locations
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London is mentioned in the following documents:
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The Thames is mentioned in the following documents:
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Moorditch is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet River is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet Ditch is mentioned in the following documents:
Glossary
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beadle
A functionary employed in the service of a ward, livery company, parish, or other institution. Depending on their station, a beadle might have performed the duties of a messenger, a watchperson, or different ceremonial roles. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
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constable
An officer who oversaw law enforcement within a ward or parish. His duties included supervising the Watch during the night, executing warrants given by a justice of the peace, and arresting those found committing crimes. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
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raker
This term is tagged in the following documents:
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scavenger
This term is tagged in the following documents: