Billingsgate
![Drawing of Billingsgate by Hugh Alley. Image courtesy of the Folger Digital Image Collection. Drawing of Billingsgate by Hugh Alley. Image courtesy of the Folger Digital Image Collection.](graphics/BILL1_Folger_67919.jpg)
Billingsgate (Bylynges gate or Belins Gate), a water-gate and harbour located on the north side
of the Thames between London Bridge
and the Tower of London, was
London’s principal dock in Shakespeare’s day. Its age and the origin of its name are uncertain.
It was probably built ca. 1000 in response to the rebuilding of London Bridge in the tenth or
eleventh century. In his Survey of London,
Stow says that, according to twelfth-century writer Geoffrey Monmouth, Billingsgate was named for the
ancient British King Belin who built the gate in 400 BCE However, Stow
himself supposes Billingsgate to
have been established more recently and named after an owner with a name
such as Beling or Biling (Stow 1:43).
In the early Middle Ages, the port known as Queenhithe, located west of London Bridge, was the most important harbour for trade. However,
with the reconstruction of London
Bridge (1176–1209), water traffic had more difficulty travelling up
the Thames to Queenhithe. The
platforms called starlings that supported the pillars of the Bridge
significantly reduced the width of the river, making passage for ships more
difficult. Located east of London
Bridge, Billingsgate served as
a suitable alternative port and market for goods. However, in 1224, in order
to manage customs dues more efficiently, Henry III ordered all corn and fish to be sold at Queenhithe. Following Henry’s reign,
Edward I allowed the fishmongers
to land their fish wherever they wanted. The fish market began to shift from
Old Fish Street near Queenhithe to Bride Street (later called New Fish Street) near Billingsgate (Bird
29; Borer 40, 110; Sheppard 71, 77; Stow 1:206, 2:7).
Although, it was no longer London’s exclusive port, Queenhithe was still granted favour toward the end
of the Middle Ages. In 1463, when slackness in the raising of the London Bridge drawbridge discouraged
ships from travelling up the river to Queenhithe, Edward IV
decreed that all vessels were to unload their goods at Queenhithe. However, if more than one vessel
entered the river at the same time, some of the ships were allowed to dock
at Billingsgate, provided that Queenhithe receive the majority of
those incoming vessels. Ships that were too large to reach Queenhithe had to deliver their goods
via lighters (Bird 29; Stow 2:9).
Over the years, as a result of the congestion caused by the Bridge, the use of Queenhithe decreased so drastically that, by 1603,
it was, as Stow says,
almost forsaken(1:43). By this time, Billingsgate had risen to become London’s most important harbour. Stow writes that Billingsgate
is at this present a large Watergate, Port, or Harbrough, for shippes and boats, commonly arriuing there with fish, both fresh and salt, shell fishes, salt, Orenges, Onions, and other fruits and rootes, wheate, Rie, and graine of diuers sorts, for seruice of the Citie, and the parts of this Realm adioyning. This gate is now more frequented then of olde time, when the Queenes Hith was vsed Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents. (KL)[…]. (1:206)
As fish became a more important part of the diet of Londoners, Billingsgate became increasingly
devoted to fish, which was sold from stalls and sheds near the dock (
Market Historypar. 5; Borer 224). In 1699, an Act of Parliament made Billingsgate a
free and open market for all sorts of fish(qtd. in Borer 224).
In the 1600s, when England’s foreign trade increased fivefold, London was the
most important port city in England, handling 69% of exports, 80% of
imports, and 86% of re-exports (Sheppard
145). Thus, as the most important port in London, Billingsgate was the most important port in Early
Modern England.
See also: Chalfant 40.
References
-
Citation
Billingsgate Market, Corporation of London.Market History.
City of London. http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Business/Markets/Billingsgate+Market/about_billingsgate.htm/.This item is cited in the following documents:
-
Citation
Bird, James. The Geography of the Port of London. London: Hutchinson U Library, 1957. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Borer, Mary Cathcart. The City of London: A History. New York: McKay, 1977. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Chalfant, Fran C. Ben Jonson’s London: A Jacobean Placename Dictionary. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1978. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Sheppard, Francis. London: A History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. Remediated by British History Online.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Billingsgate.The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 15 Sep. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm.
Chicago citation
Billingsgate.The Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm.
2020. Billingsgate. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Baldwin, Neil ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Billingsgate T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/09/15 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/BILL1.xml ER -
RefWorks
RT Web Page SR Electronic(1) A1 Baldwin, Neil A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Billingsgate T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/09/15 RD 2020/09/15 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#BALD1"><surname>Baldwin</surname>, <forename>Neil</forename></name></author>.
<title level="a">Billingsgate</title>. <title level="m">The Map of Early Modern London</title>,
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<publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>, <date when="2020-09-15">15 Sep. 2020</date>,
<ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BILL1.htm</ref>.</bibl>
Personography
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Kate LeBere
KL
Project Manager, 2020-present. Assistant Project Manager, 2019-2020. Research Assistant, 2018-present. Kate LeBere completed an honours BA in History with a minor in English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019) and Qualicum History Conference (2020). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she developed a keen interest in Old English and Early Middle English translation and completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution.Roles played in the project
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Joey Takeda
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Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
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Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–present. Associate Project Director, 2015–present. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Contributions by this author
Janelle Jenstad is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
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Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
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Stewart Arneil
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC) who maintained the Map of London project between 2006 and 2011. Stewart was a co-applicant on the SSHRC Insight Grant for 2012–16.Roles played in the project
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Martin D. Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
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Neil Baldwin
NB
Student contributor enrolled in English 412: Representations of London at the University of Windsor in Fall 2002. BA honours student, English Language and Literature, University of Windsor.Roles played in the project
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Author
Contributions by this author
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Hugh Alley
Author.Hugh Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
Hugh Alley authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Alley, Hugh. Hugh Alley’s Caveat: The Markets of London in 1598: Folger MS V.a. 318. Ed. Ian Archer, Caroline Barron, and Vanessa Harding. Publication Ser. 137. London: London Topographical Society, 1988. Print.
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Edward I
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Longshanks Hammer of the Scots
(b. between 17 June 1239 and 18 June 1239, d. in or before 27 October 1307)Edward I is mentioned in the following documents:
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Edward IV
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 4IV King of England
(b. 28 April 1442, d. 9 April 1483)Edward IV is mentioned in the following documents:
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Henry III
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England
(b. 1 October 1207, d. 16 November 1272)Henry III is mentioned in the following documents:
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William Shakespeare is mentioned in the following documents:
William Shakespeare authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Munday, Anthony, Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and William Shakespeare. Sir Thomas More. Ed. Vittorio Gabrieli and Giorgio Melchiori. Revels Plays. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1990. Print.
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Shakespeare, William. All’s Well That Ends Well. Ed. Helen Ostovich. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Randall Martin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. Ed. Matthew Steggle. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The first part of the contention betwixt the two famous houses of Yorke and Lancaster with the death of the good Duke Humphrey: and the banishment and death of the Duke of Suffolke, and the tragicall end of the proud Cardinall of VVinchester, vvith the notable rebellion of Iacke Cade: and the Duke of Yorkes first claime vnto the crowne. London, 1594. STC26099. [Transcription available from Internet Shakespeare Editions. Web.]
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Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part 1. Ed. Rosemary Gaby. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry V. Ed. James D. Mardock. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 1201–54.
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Shakespeare, William. King Richard III. Ed. James R. Siemon. London: Methuen, 2009. The Arden Shakespeare.
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Shakespeare, William. The Life of King Henry the Eighth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 919–64.
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Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 414–54.
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Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Ed. Suzanne Westfall. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Mr. VVilliam Shakespeares comedies, histories, & tragedies Published according to the true originall copies. London, 1623. STC 22273. [Book facsimiles available from Internet Shakespeare Editions. Web.]
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Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. Ed. Grechen Minton. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Passionate Pilgrim. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Phoenix and the Turtle. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard II. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 740–83.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard the Third (Modern). Ed. Adrian Kiernander. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 6 March 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 552–984.
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Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Ed. Brent Whitted and Paul Yachnin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 966–1004.
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Shakespeare, William. Troilus and Cressida. Ed. W. L. Godshalk. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Ed. David Carnegie and Mark Houlahan. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Two Gentlemen of Verona. Ed. Melissa Walter. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
Locations
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London Bridge
As the only bridge in London crossing the Thames until 1729, London Bridge was a focal point of the city. After its conversion from wood to stone, completed in 1209, the bridge housed a variety of structures, including a chapel and a growing number of shops. The bridge was famous for the cityʼs grisly practice of displaying traitorsʼ heads on poles above its gatehouses. Despite burning down multiple times, London Bridge was one of the few structures not entirely destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.London Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tower of London is mentioned in the following documents:
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Queenhithe
Queenhithe is one of the oldest havens or harbours for ships along the Thames. Hyd is an Anglo-Saxon word meaninglanding place.
Queenhithe was known in the ninth century as Aetheredes hyd orthe landing place of Aethelred.
Aethelred was the son-in-law of Alfred the Great (the first king to unify England and have any real authority over London), anealdorman
(i.e., alderman) of the former kingdom of Mercia, and ruler of London (Sheppard 70).Queenhithe is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Fish Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Fish Street
New Fish Street (also known in the seventeenth century as Bridge Street) ran north-south from London Bridge at the south to the intersection of Eastcheap, Gracechurch Street, and Little Eastcheap in the north (Harben 432; BHO). At the time, it was the main thoroughfare to London Bridge (Sugden 191). It ran on the boundary between Bridge Within Ward on the west and Billingsgate Ward on the east. It is labelled on the Agas map asNew Fyſhe ſtreate.
Variant spellings includeStreet of London Bridge,
Brigestret,
Brugestret,
andNewfishstrete
(Harben 432; BHO).New Fish Street is mentioned in the following documents:
Variant spellings
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Documents using the spelling
Belingſgate
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Documents using the spelling
Belingsgate
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Documents using the spelling
Belins gate
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Documents using the spelling
Belins Gate
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Documents using the spelling
Belins-gate
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Documents using the spelling
Belinsgate
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Documents using the spelling
Belinſgate
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Documents using the spelling
Billings Gate
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Documents using the spelling
Billings gate
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Documents using the spelling
Billings-gate
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Documents using the spelling
Billingsgate
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Documents using the spelling
Billingſgate
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Documents using the spelling
Billinſgate
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Documents using the spelling
Billinsgate
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Documents using the spelling
Bilnings Gate
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Documents using the spelling
Bylynges gate