10 Hic
. . .
vigent Here dances and
songs flourish (Tibullus, 1.3.59).
Title page 1 ISLES] Q;
ISLES, F2
Title-page Twelfth
Night In fact, the performance was on 9 January, the masque
being postponed because the King was in poor health.
1 1625] H&S; 1624 Q; 1626 F2; 1624–5
Nichols
1 Hic
. . .
vigent ‘Here dances and
songs flourish’ (
Tibullus, 1.3.59).
1–2 JOHPHIEL
. . . intelligence An
intelligence is a member of a lower order of angels, believed in
Aristotelian cosmology to direct the spheres or heavenly bodies. Cf.
Jonson’s marginalia to
King’s Ent., marginal note 87;
Und.
67.19–24; John Donne, ‘Air and Angels’, 22–4, and ‘The
Ecstasy’, 52; and
Marlowe, Dr Faustus, eds. Bevington and
Rasmussen, 2.3.57 (A-Text). In Cornelius Agrippa’s
De
occulta philosophia (‘Of Occult Philosophy’, 1510, rev. 1533),
the intelligence of Jupiter’s sphere is identified as Zadkiel; ‘Iophiel’
is also named but assigned to the sphere of the zodiac. See Agrippa
(
1992),
289.
2 Magi Occult philosophers, learned in the secrets of nature;
originally, Persian priests, whose magic and astrology were, in the
Renaissance, often thought of as preserving a spiritual wisdom older
than Christianity.
3 hair wig. Inigo Jones’s costume design (
Illustration 94;
Orgel and Strong, 1.379) shows an
angelic figure with long hair, but no chaplet or fan.
4 4.0 Q and F2 print a rule after the
SD
5–12 Johphiel’s verses were probably spoken, not sung,
for Q reserves italic for sung passages and prints these lines in roman.
The distinction is carefully marked when he interrupts the songs of the
main masque (383–6, 389–2, 420–5).
8 sparrow,
dove Birds sacred to Cupid’s mother, Venus.
14 cloak . . .
hat This does not
correspond to Jones’s costume sketch, which shows Merefool in doublet
and hose but with no cloak, and wearing a stovepipe hat with a small
brim. Nor does Jones depict him as especially fat, which we later learn
must be the case (see .).
14, 47 master] Mr. Q, F2 (subst.)
15 MEREFOOL] F2 (subst.); Q prints the name only as c.w. and the
next
SH
17 SD]
this edn; not in Q
17 my lord
i.e. Jupiter, son of Saturn.
20 bombing
booming, reverberating (
OED, Bombing
ppl.
a. 1), but perhaps also ‘explosive’. Cf.
EMO,
3.1.254–5.
20–1 No? . . . intelligence? . . . yet?]
this edn; No! . . . Intelligence! . . . yet! Q
20 intelligence news.
22 had seen
would have gained their eyesight. Puppies were thought to be blind at
birth; see ‘blind puppies’,
Oth., 1.3.336.
24 brethren . . .
Cross A fictitious secret society, supposedly founded by
Christian Rosenkreuz (1378–1484) but first mentioned in three German
pamphlets,
Fama fraternitatis (1614),
Confessio fraternitatis (1615), and
Chymische
hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz (1616). At least the first of
these was written by the mystical Protestant theologian Johann Valentin
Andreae (1586–1654) of Tubingen; by 1622, nearly 200 replies had been
printed. The pamphlets, which are often highly esoteric and fanciful in
nature, laid claim to a secret hermetic or alchemical knowledge that was
working to create a new international brotherhood, based on principles
of spiritual transformation and apocalyptic perfectibility. The
Rosicrucians probably never really existed, but such millennial
sentiments, and the pamphlets in which they were poured out, were an
outgrowth of the political upheavals afflicting German Protestantism in
this period. See
Staple, 3.2.99;
Und. 43.72; and
Yates (
1972) and
McIntosh (
1992).
25 SD]
this edn; not in Q
27 fly
familiar spirit; cf.
Alch., 1.2.43,
84.
31 Observed
’em Followed the rules of the brethren. Merefool’s rituals are
intended to prepare him to receive the spiritual gift he is expecting.
They recall those enjoined on Dapper in
Alch.,
1.2.164–70.
32 faggot
bundle of rushes (normally used for floor covering).
32–3 hungered . . .
thirsted Echoing Matthew, 5.6: ‘Blessed are they which do
hunger and thirst after rightousness’ (AV).
33 SD]
this edn; not in Q
33 after ’em
i.e. after the brethren, whom Merefool is ‘thirsty’ to encounter.
34 Which . . .
be Johphiel comments wryly that the hefty Merefool is not
likely to be thin anytime soon. As 124, 201, and 208 suggest, the actor
playing Merefool must have been fat. He was probably played by the
King’s Men’s clown, William Rowley (
c. 1585–1626), who
was known for outsize roles, most famously the fat bishop in
Middleton’s Game at Chess (1624). See
Christmas,
Introduction;
Pleasure Rec., 4n.;
Augurs, 17n.; and
Neptune,
4n.
36 solitary
circle because ghosts haunt one restricted piece of
ground.
37 Ran . . .
score Ran up a bill; incurred debts.
39 abate cast
down, humble.
42 whimsy
dizziness.
43 staggers
(1) an affliction (especially of horses) causing palsylike staggering
(cf.
Shr., 3.2.54); (2) doubt, uncertainty.
47 Merryfool,] F3;
Mery-Foole. Q, F2
47 our my and
my family’s.
48 Merefool
The speaker seems unaware that the contraction turns ‘a merry, carefree
person’ into ‘a mere fool’.
51 employed
sent.
52 Outis
Literally, ‘Nobody’ (Greek). In
Homer’s Odyssey,
9.364–412, Ulysses tells the Cyclops that this is his name; the device
helps him to escape from the Cyclops’s cave by preventing the blinded
Cyclops from summoning help to catch him, since when Cyclops is asked
what is the problem he replies that Nobody is hurting him (and see
Oberon,
161). Cf. the idiom ‘If you know not me, you know nobody’
(used as the title of two plays by Thomas Heywood, 1603–5); and
Althorp,
242–91.
53 you] F2;
not in Q
55 forest . . .
trees Presumably this is a spiritual forest or a forest of the
mind, similar to the castle in the air mentioned below. Rosicrucian
literature involved much arcane mysticism and imagery.
56–9 castle . . .
blade Johphiel summarizes an allegorical print published with
Theophilus Schweighardt’s
Speculum sophicum
rhodo-stauroticum (The Mirror of Rosicrucian Wisdom, 1618); see
Illustration 96. This
depicts the Rosicrucians’ ‘invisible college’, which consists of a
castle running on wheels, with wings at the top and suspended by a hand
from the heavens, surrounded with mystical symbols and inhabited by
warriors armed with quill pens. Jonson also refers to this print in
News
NW, 171–2.
57 Rhodostaurotic Rosicrucian; literally, of the rosy cross.
58 Julian de
Campis Pseudonym of Julius Sperber (d. 1616), author of
Rosicrucian tracts and other mystical theology. A gigantic arm holding a
sword and labelled ‘Iulian de Campis’ protrudes from the castle in
Schweighardt’s print.
59, 61 SD]
this edn; not in Q
63 this . . .
return at my next return to them
63 father
i.e. Father Outis (52).
65 out,] F3; out
Q, F2
67 year of
jubilee year of emancipation (Leviticus, 25.10); usually every
fifty years.
68 twentieth] F2; twentith Q
70–1 He . . .
you Echoing the usurer Security in
East Ho!, 2.2.127–8,
who wishes he could die so that Quicksilver might inherit his
estate.
73 find:]
Orgel; find. Q
73 great
customs tolls on imports and exports, as opposed to the
‘little customs’ levied at inland markets. Such taxes were often held as
a ‘farm’, i.e. collected at the ports on the crown’s behalf by merchants
who took a cut in the money raised (see OED, Farm,
n.1, 2). All the offices that Johphiel lists
parody the titles of real court appointments.
77 cabal (Q:
Kaball) mystical doctrine; possibly, secret group.
Alluding to the Cabbala, the Jewish exposition of Scripture, one of the
traditions which was absorbed syncretically by neoplatonic mysticism.
Cf.
Und.
43.71.
77 seals
signets; stamps used to impress marks on wax in order to authenticate a
public document. Such stamps would be held by the ‘secretary’ (78) or
clerk to courts or departments of state.
79 signatures
distinguishing marks.
79 combinations (astrological) conjunctions.
80 divine
rods magic wands.
80 roots,]
after G; roots. Q
80 roots
Presumably, plants used in Rosicrucian spells.
83 lightness
ability to fly.
84 petard] Q (petarr)
84 petard
squib, explosive device.
86 several
creatures various beings.
87 Were Which
once were.
89 sea-coal
mineral coal transported by sea, as distinct from inferior charcoal.
92 gallipot
ointment pot.
93 tincture
quintessence; a term from alchemy.
93 order
insignia, badge of membership; usually worn on a collar (95) or golden
chain.
94 SD]
marginal note in Q,
with a superscript
a
beside ‘Order’; not in F2
96 halter
noose.
98 proverb ‘A
worn sleeve keeps back the arm’ (
Tilley, S53); that is, the
humiliation of poverty makes me reluctant to advance myself.
99–100 you . . .
learning An allusion to the fabled poverty of scholars, who
have riches of the mind but not of the person. Merefool will have all
kinds of powers but will be none the richer for any of them (see 113) –
rather like Dapper in Alch., who will gain no material
benefit from all the miraculous skills he believes his fly will
confer.
100–13 A list of the various marvels and paradoxical
accomplishments that Merefool will be able to achieve with Rosicrucian
help. For Rosicrucian invisibility and other marvels, cf.
Und.
43.72–5.
101 glasses
Presumably these are perspective devices that create optical illusions,
as in Augurs, 193.
107 As]
H&S; An Q, F2
107 salamander
lizard, mythically supposed to be able to live in fire.
108 orbs
celestial spheres of the planets and fixed stars.
109 Empyreum
Empyrean; the highest heaven. Q’s spelling predates OED’s other examples, which all belong to the period
1647–1777.
111 Antipodes
Those who supposedly dwell on the opposite side of the globe.
113 place
calling (as an impoverished scholar).
115 fortunate
purse magic purse that was never empty: the subject of
Dekker’s play Old Fortunatus (1599).
116 wishing
hat A hat that confers magical powers. One is stolen from the
Sultan of Babylon by Old Fortunatus in Dekker’s play of that name.
118 collyrium
salve.
119 SD]
this edn; not in Q
120 ideas
Platonic archetypes of things; bodiless essences (see 155–6).
121 atoms
Jonson more commonly used the form ‘atomi’: see
Sej., 1.257, and
Epigr.
133.127.
121 flies
spirits.
122 admirable
to be wondered at.
123 tinct me
subject me to a transforming elixir (OED, 3). An
alchemical term; compare OED, ‘tincture’ 6, ‘a
supposed spiritual principle or immaterial substance whose character or
quality may be infused into material things’. Cf. Alch., 2.3.58.
124 save . . .
belly i.e. despite this great belly which makes me look
pregnant and longing for things as pregnant women do.
125–6 Merefool’s longing to see ancient or divine
figures, and Johphiel’s hint that he might be able to command them, is a
kind of inverted echo of Mephistophilis endowing Faustus with magical
powers, and showing him great heroes such as Alexander. See also .
below.
126 As As
if.
126 they the
spirits and atoms (121 above).
126 valets] Q (vallets); varlets F2
128 style
title.
130 Zoroastres
Zoroaster or Zarathustra, Persian sage (sixth century bc?) and founder of Zoroastrianism, the
religion of the Magi.
131 please,]
after Wh; please? Q, F2
134 You’ve] F3;
You’haue Q; You’ave F2
138 confuting
disproving; putting to silence.
141 Hermes
Trismegistus Literally, ‘thrice greatest Hermes’, the Greek
name for the Egyptian god Thoth. In the Renaissance he was thought to
have been an Egyptian sage living around the time of Moses. His mystical
wisdom was supposedly preserved in the
Hermetica, a
collection of esoteric and neoplatonic writings believed by some at this
time to be an older and more powerful alternative to the Greek
philosophical tradition. A copy of Hermes’
Opuscula
(
1611), owned
successively by Jonson and John Selden, is now in the Bodleian
Library.
142 Ho Trismegistos]
this edn, conj. H&S;
Ο, ὁ τρισμέγιστος Q, F2
142 Ho The (Gr.). In emending Q’s ‘O, ό’ to a
single word, I follow H&S’s conjecture that its duplication, in
English and Greek, is a Jonsonian oversight.
143 hard
difficult; obscure.
143 Or
Either.
145 Howleglass
The English rendering of Tyll Eulenspiegel, the medieval German
prankster whose legendary exploits were first printed in English in
1528. The modern spelling would be ‘Owlglass’ (‘howle’ or ‘howlet’ being
an early form of ‘owl’), but the older spelling is preserved here for
the sake of its alliteration with ‘Hermes’ at 214. In Robert Laneham’s
Letter wherein part of the Entertainment unto the
Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castle . . . is Signified
(1575), 34, ‘Howleglas’ is listed among the books of popular literature
supposedly to be found in the library of the Coventry mason Captain Cox,
who took a leading part in the festivities. Other books or ballads owned
by Cox include ‘Skogan’ and ‘Elynor Running’, characters who appear with
Howleglass in the antimasque below. (Laneham is the main source for the
Masque of Owls.) See also
Alch., 2.3.32.
146 Eulenspiegel] Q (Vlen-spiegle)
148 he Hermes
Trismegistus.
150 penn’orths
pennyworths; small quantities.
150 like a
cheese Unexplained; because a round cheese would be cut into
small, cheaper segments?
152 Iamblichus
Syrian neoplatonic philosopher (c. ad 250–325), author of books on the doctrines
of Pythagorus and on Egyptian ritualistic magic.
153 Porphyry
Greek neoplatonic philosopher (ad 233–304),
studied under Plotinus at Rome, master of Iamblichus. He was a prolific
author of works on philosophy and religion, including a commentary on
Aristotle’s Organon and a treatise against
Christianity.
153 Proclus
(ad 412–85), the last influential pagan
neoplatonist, author of The Elements of Theology and
treatises on mathematics.
154 Pythagoras
Greek mathematician and philosopher (sixth century bc); proponent of mystical doctrines about the perfectibility
of the soul and harmony of the universe. He, and the other
neoplatonists, are invoked as representatives of a pagan mysticism
predating Christianity that supposedly gave access to nature’s secret
powers.
156 bespoken
commissioned.
156 groat four
pence.
158 He’s]
Orgel; He ’has Q, F2
159 beans
According to tradition, Pythagoras and his followers abstained from
eating beans.
160 Archimedes
Famous Greek mathematician and inventor (287–212 bc).
161 Aesop
Famous writer of fables (sixth century bc).
164–5 with . . .
foot Presumably this would be a super-efficient mechanical
device, constructed from parts of the mouse’s two main predators.
166 filing . . .
tongue Because political satire needs a sharp and cunning
tongue. Cf.
Und. 86.14.
169–70 things . . .
himself to ask for something out of season is to set oneself
up for a disappointment.
171 disguising
The precursor of the masque: a courtly entertainment involving persons
entering in masquerade, and much in vogue at the early Tudor court.
171 afoot] Q (o’
foote)
173 engineers]
H&S (inginers); ingines Q,
F2
173 engineers
H&S’s emendation (to Q’s ‘ingines’) draws out the underlying image.
The court wits operate Christmas inventions as intelligences move their
‘orbs’ (cf. 2 above).
174 Skelton
John Skelton (1460–1529), humanist and poet. Jonson probably remembered
and valued him as a writer who had been
orator regius
and was awarded the title of ‘poet laureate’ (see . below).
But he was also associated with skipping ‘Skeltonic’ verse (see .), and
through this became part of sixteenth-century popular and comic
tradition. He is the hero of the jest-book,
Merry Tales
Newly Imprinted and Made by Master Skelton Poet Laureate
(1567), and appears in
Long Meg of Westminster (
c. 1582; see below); extracts from
Eleanor Rumming are extensively used in
Pimlico, or Run Redcap, ’Tis a Mad World at Hoxton (1609). In
Jones’s costume design (
Illustration 94), Skelton wears a long gown and a long-eared
cap that make him look rather like Dante.
175 Scogan
Henry Scogan (1361?-1407), poet and friend of Chaucer, and addressee of
Chaucer’s ‘Lenvoy a Scogan’. His ‘Moral Ballad’ addressed to the four
sons of Henry Ⅳ – to whom he was tutor – was printed in
sixteenth-century editions of Chaucer. Like Skelton, Scogan is invoked
in part because he is an early example of an English poet who worked in
the service of royalty. However, by associating him with ‘disguises’,
Jonson may have been partially conflating him with his namesake John
Scogan, a pseudo-historical figure known from a popular late
sixteenth-century jest-book,
The Jests of Scogan, and
supposedly jester to the court of Edward Ⅳ. Shakespeare makes the same
mistake in
2H4, 3.2.23. Skelton is associated with ‘Skogyn’ in
the jest-book
Merry Tales (see ), and ‘Skogan’ is listed in Captain Cox’s library (see .
above).
177 disguises
disguisings; see above.
178 ballad
royal seven-line stanzas, rhyming ababbcc; also called ‘rime
royal’.
180 tinkling
rhyme Jonson disparages ‘tinkling rhymes’ in
Forest 12.87, and
humorously attacks such versifying in
Und. 29.
180 flowand
flowing. A fake archaism; cf.
Sad Shep., 2.1.37, ‘command’.
181 paid for’t
Jonson’s own difficulties in getting his pension paid are charted in
Und.
57,
68, and
76 (
Und. 57 being a plea
for payment written in Skeltonics).
181 for’t] Q state
2, F2; for it Q state 1
184 the same
of the same low quality.
185 SD]
G (subst.); not in Q, F2
185 brahmin] Q (Brachman)
186 gymnosophist Indian ascetic, often semi-naked and performing
strange feats of bodily endurance; described in
Pliny’s Natural
History, 7.20.2.
187 Is Who
is.
187 Domine
Master (Lat.).
188 poet
laureate Skelton did indeed carry the title ‘poet laureate’,
though it was awarded to him by Louvain University, rather than the
court. Many of his printed poems call him ‘poet laureate’ on their
title-pages, and for Jonson’s knowledge of Skelton’s poem on the
laureateship,
The Garland of Laurel, see
Gold. Age,
107n. The title was not officially adopted at court until the
days of Dryden, though
Poetaster and John Selden’s
additions to the 1631 edition of his
Titles of Honour
(see the Literary Record, Electronic Edition) show that Jonson was very
interested in it. His royal pension had made him poet laureate in all
but name.
188 Harry
Henry Ⅷ.
189 Tityre
tu The opening words of Virgil’s first Eclogue (literally,
‘Tityrus, you
[recline beneath the spreading beech and
practise a woodland melody on your reed-pipe
]’);
suggestive of relaxation and unbridled self-indulgence. In 1623 the
London authorities were investigating a gang of roisterers who had
organized themselves into a gang called the ‘Tityre tus’, and went in
for drinking, smoking, and fighting. John Chamberlain (
Letters, ed. McClure,
1939), 2.350, says the members
originally came from the regiment of English troops in the Low Countries
led by the Catholic Lord Vaux. See also Kerrigan (
1988), 312.
189 quick (1)
living; (2) nimble.
190 crafty
clever.
192 in
reversion to fall due (a legal phrase: the right to possession
of property or an office on the death of the present owner).
193 like
habits the same clothes. In fact, Inigo Jones’s design for
Skelton and Scogan dresses them unhistorically in antique costume.
193 scogan] Q, F2 (SKOGAN)
194–201 Skelton and Scogan speak in a four-stressed
anapaestic metre which marks out their speech as historically archaic,
and recalls the skipping verse-forms of some of Skelton’s poems.
196 you ensure
warrant you.
198 crambo] Q, F2 (Crambe)
198 crambo A
game, used in taverns, in which each player gives a line of verse with a
rhyme-word that the next must cap. Dekker,
The Seven Deadly
Sins (
1606), 3, calls it one of ‘the learned rules of
drunkenness’.
199 Thou’rt] F2;
Thou’art Q
200 Is’t Is it
from.
203 caract (1)
character, mark; (2) value, carat. The two senses were closely entwined
at this time. See
EMI (F), 3.3.22, and
OED, Carat 4.
207 latitude
breadth.
208–10 ‘O most great, as we say in the schools
[i.e. among the learned
], and noble
man.’
Amplissimus puns on ‘very honourable’ and ‘very
fat’ (
Orgel).
210 The
question-issimus The most important question. A comical pseudo-Latin
formation.
211 for his
life to be restored to life.
214 Hermes See
.
216–27 A passage in ‘Skeltonics’, short verses rhyming
in two-, three-, or four-line groups, such as Skelton himself
specialized in. Jonson also used Skeltonics in
Und. 57, which could
belong to any date between 1621 and 1631.
217 Entering and passing before the viewer.
223 hornèd cap
a jester’s cap, with long protruding horns and perhaps bells on the
ends.
227 glass
Either a drinking vessel, or a mirror, in which the spectator sees his
own folly reflected. Skelton describes the emblematic costume that
Eulenspiegel will wear in the antimasque at 276; perhaps it derives from
some contemporary image, like Holbein’s illustrations for Erasmus’s Praise of Folly.
228 Except
Unless. The grammar seems faulty, but Scogan must be referring back to
the question-issimus asked at 210–15: I would present
him with Howleglass, unless, for preference, we could have the four
knaves instead (or, as well as).
228 knaves
i.e. the jacks in a pack of playing cards, who arrive at 276. They are
used here as representative figures from the popular literature of
gaming, knavery, and folly. One famous Elizabethan comedy,
The Play of the Cards (now lost) showed the jacks making
mischief in the estates of the realm (
Chambers, ES,
4.238).
230 were would
be.
231 mess set
of four. See
EMI (F), 1.3.71.
232 Elinor
Rumming The alewife and heroine of Skelton’s burlesque poem,
The Tunning of Elinor Rumming, which describes her
riotous and insalubrious tavern at Leatherhead. It had recently been
reprinted, by Bernard Alsop for Samuel Rand, as
Elynour
Rummin, the Famous Ale-wife of England (1624). Jonson adapted
232–43 from Skelton’s poem: ‘Tell you I chyll, / If that ye wyll / A
whyle be styll, / Of a comely gyll / That dwelt on a hyll; / But she is
not gryll . . . / Her lothely lere / Is nothing clere, / But ugly of
chere, / Droupy and drowsy, / Scurvy and lowsy; / Her face all bowsy, /
Comely crynklyd, / Woundersly wrynklyd, / Lyke a rost pygges eare, /
Brystled with here’ (
Complete English Poems ed.
Scattergood,
1983, 1–6, 12–21). See also . above; and
Tub, 5.7.24.
233 mumming A
visitation or dumbshow by disguised performers. Cf. ‘disguising’ at 171
and note.
236 grill
harsh, cruel.
237 bowsy
bloated with drink.
240 Comely In
a homely way.
241 Wondersly] Q;
Wondrously F2; Wonderly H&S
241 Wondersly
Wondrously (spelled substantively as in the 1624 reprint of Skelton’s
text).
244 Fitz-Ale
Literally, ‘Son of Beer’, just as Ruffian Vapours is ‘child of tobacco’
(247). In Welbeck, the name is given to the Derbyshire
herald, a much more peaceable character.
245 stale
strong (used of well-kept beer); lacking in freshness.
246 modern
i.e. Because tobacco is a recent import. ‘Vapours’ refers to the smoke
produced by tobacco, but is used in multiple senses in Bart. Fair to mean all kinds of bodily and material
exhalations, which express quarrelsomeness and uncontrollability.
247 papers
Used to wrap tobacco.
249 Ellen
Helen. Merefool’s suggestion further links him to Dr Faustus, who
conjured up just this figure, though it is undermined by his use of the
familiar form Ellen, here for the sake of alliteration with Elinor. See
125–76n. above.
251 credit me
believe me.
252 Mary
Ambree A legendary virago who led English volunteers
attempting to recapture Ghent from the Prince of Parma, 1584; subject of
an anonymous black-letter ballad, ‘The valorous acts performed at Gaunt
by the brave bonnie lass Mary Ambree, who in revenge for her lover’s
death did play her part most gallantly’. Lines 250–5 adapt the ballad
opening: ‘When captains courageous, whom death could not daunt, / Did
march to the siege of the city of Gaunt’ (Percy,
Reliques, ed. Rhys,
1906, 2.66). See also
Epicene,
4.2.101.
257 braver (1)
more courageous; (2) finer.
259 Meg
Another virago, noted for her tallness and strength, whose exploits at
home and abroad were celebrated in
The Life of Long Meg of
Westminster (1620; earlier edition
c. 1582
now lost). The jest-book puts her birth during the reign of Henry Ⅷ; she
becomes a friend of Skelton, and fights at the siege of Boulogne (1544).
See also
Gypsies (Burley), 513n.
261–6 Lines adapted from Skelton’s Tunning: ‘Foted lyke a plane, / Legged lyke a crane . . . /
When she goeth out / Her selfe for to shewe, / She dryveth downe the
dewe / With a payre of heles / As brode as two wheles’ (Poems, ed. Scattergood, 49–50, 80–4).
262 plane
bricklayer’s trowel.
266 stew
brothel.
268 Lambeth
ferry Horse-ferry between Westminster and Lambeth (a quarter
notorious for stews and alehouses).
270 Thomas
Thumb A dwarf, first mentioned in 1592 (Nashe,
Works, ed. Wilson and McKerrow, 1958, 1.159); a
History of Tom Thumb the Little was printed in 1621, and a
ballad on him was licensed in 1623 (
Arber, 1874–94, 4.63). He may have
been played by the court dwarf Archibald Armstrong (see
Neptune, 118n.), or
possibly by Henrietta Maria’s dwarf Jeffery Hudson (1619–82), who
arrived at court around 1626, at which time he was eighteen inches tall
(Wright,
History . . . of the County of Rutland,
1684, 105).
However, other, unnamed dwarves appeared in some Caroline masques: see
Chloridia, 92n.
272 Doctor Rat
The curate in the Tudor comedy
Gammer Gurton’s
Needle (pub. 1575).
276 follows, consisting]
Nichols; followes. / Consisting Q
276 howleglass] Q (Owle-glas)
277 vapours] Q;
Vapore F2
277 elinor] F3;
Elnor Q, F2
278 rat. Which]
this edn;
Ratt. / Which Q
280 skipping
Referring to Skelton’s lighthearted verse, unlike that of ‘moral’ Scogan
(cf. 194 above).
284 widgeon
wild duck; simpleton.
285 players
i.e. the actors, who performed the antimasque.
286 Merefool.]
Morley;
Mere foole, Q
287 honey, hog’s
grease Used in cooking ducks (Orgel).
288 make one
be one (a gull) yourself (Orgel).
288 Exit Merefool]
G; not in Q
290 Anticyra] Q (Antycira)
290 Anticyra
Town in the Corinthian gulf, actually on a peninsula but mistakenly
called an island by Pliny (
Natural History, 25.5);
renowned as the source of the plant hellebore, which produced a drug
used in treating mental disease. See
Horace, 428; and
Calvin,
Institution of Christian Religion (
1634), 730:
‘Anticyra where groweth hellebore, a good purgation for frantic
heads’.
291 hellebore] Q, F2 (Ellebore)
292 Not . . .
seat Not hoped to gain a fortunate place.
292 waters
realms: addressing James in his character as Neptune, god of the
ocean.
296 point of
revolution calendrical moment; culmination of time’s
cycle.
297 Fortunate
Islands Numerous classical texts refer to islands in the west
or far north which have a miraculously perfect climate (such as the
Hesperides, usually identified with the Canaries) or are the location of
the Elysian fields, where reside the souls of the blest. Hesiod says
that the demi-gods, earth’s inhabitants before mankind, had ‘homes apart
from mortals at Earth’s edge; and there they live a carefree life,
beside the whirling Ocean, on the Blessed Isles’ (
Works and
Days, 169–71); and cf. Homer,
Odyssey, 4.563–8. Further copious illustrations can be found
in Bennett (
1956), 114–28. The link with Britain is discussed in William
Camden’s
Britannia (
1610), 4, which says that the mild
British climate ‘persuaded some that those fortunate islands, wherein
all things, as poets write, do flourish as in a perpetual springtide,
were sometime here with us’. Bishop Thomas Cooper’s
Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae (
1565) says that the
island’s original name was ‘Olbion’ in Greek, ‘which in English
signifieth happy, in Latin
foelix’ (Bennett,
1956, 121), though
this etymology is discounted in John Selden’s notes on
Poly-Olbion (1619): see Drayton,
Works, ed.
Hebel (
1961),
4.16.
298 Macaria
Literally, ‘blessed’ (Gr.). Bennett (
1956), 127n., compares a similar
formula in Pindar,
Olympian Odes, 2.70–1:
Μακάρων νᾶσον (‘island of the
blest’). The name is applied to the
beatorum insulae
(‘blessed islands’) in the classical dictionary and thesaurus of Charles
and Robert Estienne, which Jonson had recently used in compiling the
marginalia for
Augurs (Starnes and Talbert,
1955, 160–1). The
geographer Pomponius Mela (
Geography, 2.7) also
mentions the island Macaron, known for the temperateness of its air.
298 thought a
principal believed to be the greatest.
300 would] Q;
should F2
306 several
sieges separate seats. Jones’s sketches include a design
showing twelve masquers and a musician (presumably Proteus) sitting on a
floating island, deeply embowered with palm trees (see
Illustration 93; Orgel and Strong,
1.376–7).
310 SH]
this edn; not in Q
310–27 This song is printed as continuous verse in Q and
F2, but I have carried across the stanza divisions that are used in the
parallel passage in Neptune’s Triumph. This song and
the following (331–69) are intricately adapted from text written for Neptune but never performed: there are many verbal
changes, but the metrical shape of the original songs is exactly
reproduced.
310 shepherd . . .
seas Proteus, the old man of the sea.
311 of the . . .
keys Portunus, the Roman god who protects harbours.
311 keep’st]
H&S, after Nichols;
keepe Q, F2 (subst.)
311 keep’st
Both Q and F2 print ‘keep’, ungrammatically; the parallel line in
Neptune,
226, has ‘keep’st’.
317 But Except
for.
317 Zephyrus
God of the west wind.
321 As . . .
hours One of Jonson’s favourite sentiments. See ‘A Song of
Welcome to King Charles’ (‘Fresh as the day, and new as are the hours’);
and cf.
Vision, 130;
Staple, 1.5.81;
New Inn,
4.3.31; and
Chlor., 44.
326 votes
prayers; from votum (Lat.), vow.
329 SARON God
of navigation: see
Neptune, marginal note 10.
329 go
up . . . state The three singers advance towards the throne
(the ‘state’), walking from the stage and across the dancing space,
where they remain for the rest of the performance. But where did Saron
and Portunus enter from? Proteus arrives as one of the passengers on the
floating island, and perhaps the other singers were similarly
introduced, but they are not given a place in Jones’s design, and
Proteus’s privileged status as the guide and helper of the masquers had
been laid down in the dialogue to
Neptune’s Triumph,
90–2. So perhaps Saron and Portunus would have made their
entries on the seashore discovered at the first scene change, and joined
with Proteus when the floating island came to land, walking forward with
him to fill the space during the complicated manoeuvres while the
masquers disembarked.
329 go
up . . . state The three singers advance towards the throne
(the ‘state’), walking from the stage and across the dancing space,
where they remain for the rest of the performance. But where did Saron
and Portunus enter from? Proteus arrives as one of the passengers on the
floating island, and perhaps the other singers were similarly
introduced, but they are not given a place in Jones’s design, and
Proteus’s privileged status as the guide and helper of the masquers had
been laid down in the dialogue to
Neptune’s Triumph,
90–2. So perhaps Saron and Portunus would have made their
entries on the seashore discovered at the first scene change, and joined
with Proteus when the floating island came to land, walking forward with
him to fill the space during the complicated manoeuvres while the
masquers disembarked.
333 style
sovereign title; implicitly, an allusion to James’s title as king of
Britain.
338 intermitted meddling, intruding (
OED,
Intermit
v.
2 1
b). In the corresponding passage in
Neptune, 253, the
same word is used but its sense, ‘broken’, is quite different.
341 give i.e.
ooze forth so that they can be harvested, like sap.
343 own admit
to.
349 hay A
winding country dance, like a ‘ring’. H&S compare Horace, Odes, 1.4.5–7, describing the arrival of spring:
‘Queening the dance, with a full moon hanging above, the Cytherean [Venus] leads, and the Nymphs and
comely Graces follow, stamping the ground to the beat, hands
linked.’
351 Arion
Legendary poet and musician who, when thrown into the sea, was saved
from drowning by the dolphins that loved his music. See
Neptune, 133,
350.
352 Anacreon
Greek lyric poet, 570–485 bc. For his
‘lightness’, cf. Horace, Odes, 4.9.9: si
quid olim lusit Anacreon, ‘the trifles with which Anacreon
amused himself’ (H&S).
353 He . . .
one He always appears among the number of the oldest
poets.
353 Stesichorus Greek lyric poet, 632–552 bc. Called ‘grave Stesichorus’ by Horace (Odes, 4.9.8).
354 Linus,
Orpheus Mythical poets and sons of Apollo, regarded as among
the founders of poetry. See
Augurs, 236.
355 Amphion
Mythical musician and son of Zeus, who played the lyre so beautifully
that the stones of Thebes moved of their own accord into a wall.
356 Nor is]
indented in Q, F2
356 dainty too
fastidious.
358, 359 airs,
times (With puns on the words’ musical meanings.)
360 prince of
men Prince Charles.
362 lily, rose
Flowers emblematic of France and England, alluding to Charles’s marriage
to Henrietta Maria; cf.
Love’s Tr., 171–2. Their union is a ‘present
prophecy’ because, although the marriage treaty was already signed, the
wedding was not performed until May 1625. Cf.
Und.
65.3 and 75.57–60.
364 undersong
accompaniment.
366 Our
primrose Perhaps metaphorically intended to mean Charles
himself, as the first and finest flower of the spring. For ‘primrose’ as
‘the first or best; a person in the flower of youth’, see
OED, Primrose,
n., 3a. Conventionally, the
blooming of the primrose marks the beginning of spring, as in
Pan’s Ann.,
11 ‘The primrose drop, the spring’s own spouse’ (and see
24–36n.).
367 against in
anticipation of.
369 myrtle
Sacred to Venus; see
Pan’s Ann., .
369 bay
laurel; used in the garland of a conqueror, and so identifying Charles
as both lover and hero.
370 takes . . . them takes over the song from the soloists. For
the uncertainties of the syntax in this SD, see
Neptune, 286n. For
the ‘
upper chorus’, see 307.
371 figure formal dance.
372–440 This part of the masque is repeated almost word
for word from the unperformed material in
Neptune,
288–368.
372 Spring . . .
age Elliptical and metaphorical, but the meaning is something
like ‘May all the graces of the age confer the blessings of spring on
this triumph.’ Cf. similar sentiments and associations between spring,
grace, and pleasure in
Vision, 5–8, 123–4.
373 the Loves
i.e. the numerous Cupids imagined by the poets.
377 sports,]
this edn;
sports. Q, F2
377 sports
playfulness. Cf. the character Sport who appears with Cupid in Time Vind., and see 283n. there.
378 salts
pungency.
380 entry The technical term for the formal opening dance
performed by the masquers at the arrival; an anglicization of ‘entrée’
from the French
ballet de court. Cf.
Vision, 204;
Lovers
MM, 60;
Time Vind., 273;
and Walls (
1996),
231.
380 prospective perspective scene. Jones’s study for this (
Illustration 91) is the
only full set design to survive from this masque. It is unclear why the
text should call this the ‘
first prospective’, and
that at 388 the ‘
second’, given that the discovery
described at 306–8 presumably had some perspective element.
382 The . . . above The ‘
air’ (306) from which
the upper chorus have been singing, and which now closes while the scene
below is transformed. Yet the chorus continued to sing in the succeeding
dialogues: see the parallel passage in
Neptune, .
386 Albion The
name given to Prince Charles in Neptune, which
allegorized his sea-voyage home from Spain in 1623 as a banquet given to
Albion by Oceanus. In Statius’s Achilleid, 1.52–3,
Neptune is depicted as returning from a banquet with Oceanus.
387 measures formal dances.
390 Proteus’
herds Seals.
390 orcs
whales; sea-monsters.
390 keep
inhabit.
391 green;]
Wh; greene Q; green, F3
393 the
ladies The group of ladies sitting among the spectators who
were planning to join the lords in the ‘revels’ at
418. ‘Go up’ here refers to horizontal movement across
the masquing space and the hierarchical organization of the
audience.
396 the] Q, F2;
us Benson 12mo
398 dressings
attire. Spectators at the masques were expected to dress in finery to
match the splendour of the occasion.
399 parts] Q, F2;
arts Benson 12mo
400 Pallas and the mortal woman Arachne competed at
weaving; when Pallas lost, she turned Arachne into a spider. See Ovid,
Met., 6.1–145.
401 That . . .
less i.e. That you always intended to dance, despite the show
of reluctance that you put on. The song inviting the ladies to dance,
and purporting to overcome their modest denials, was a common convention
of masque form.
403 shellfish
spoils pearls.
405 on the shore] Q, F2; long before Benson 12mo
407 greener] Q, F2; green Benson 12mo
408 better-watered higher grade. ‘First’, ‘second’, and ‘third
water’, used to distinguish between the lustre of the highest grades of
diamond, is often applied to other precious stones (OED, Water, n., 20a).
410 ambergris
grey amber, a waxlike substance secreted by whales and found floating in
tropical seas; used at this time in perfumery.
411 Of which] Q, F2; Whereof Benson 12mo
411 Neptune’s
niece Venus. In
The Iliad, the equivalent
Greek goddess, Aphrodite, is represented as the daughter of Zeus, who
was brother to Poseidon (Neptune). However, Jonson also alludes to the
alternative tradition, that Venus was born from the foam of the sea; see
Hesiod, Theogony, 188–206.
413 a man
Adonis, the mortal youth loved by the goddess Venus.
415 your smiles] Q, F2; and your smiles JnB 606
416 Ambrosian] Q, F2; Ambrosiack JnB 606
416 Ambrosian
Divine; fragrant.
418 revels social dances, between masquers and spectators.
419 cornetts]
Wh, subst.; Corners Q, F2 (subst.)
424 peace and
wars In January 1625, the overseas outlook was very uncertain.
After the parliament of 1624, James agreed to some limited war measures
against the Habsburgs, agreeing to part-finance an expedition to Europe
led by the German mercenary Count Mansfeld. But Charles and Buckingham
were considerably more eager for war, and a naval attack would be
mounted against Cadiz in the first six months of Charles’s rule.
430 wiles
Because Proteus was cunning and had the power of shape-changing. In Neptune, Proteus’s inclusion has a political function:
he allegorizes the stratagem by which Charles and Buckingham went to
Spain in disguise, and projects the deviousness that the English needed
to cultivate in their dealings with Philip and his advisers at Madrid.
However, in Fort. Is. these allegorical meanings no
longer obtain, and Proteus’s wiliness does not correspond to any factor
within the current political situation.
432 thy1,2]
Q;
the F2
433 Nereus God
of the Aegean; father of fifty sea-nymphs, the Nereides.
434 Indus The
Indian river; here used as a synecdoche for trade to the east and the
fabulous riches it promised.
436 one] Q;
on F2
436 flame,] F2;
flame. Q
442 a
note on the masquers Aside from Prince Charles, the only other
masquers mentioned by name in the records are the minor courtiers James
Bowey and Thomas Cary, the costs of whose costumes were underwritten by
the crown (Bowey is misnamed Thomas in the accounts).