MoEML: Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles

Of Towers and Castels.

THe Citie of London (saith Fitzstephens)
hath in the East a very great & a most strong
Palatine Tower,The Tower of
London. whose turrets and walles
do rise from a deep foundation, the mor
ter thereof being tempered with the blood
of beastes. In the west parte are two most

strong

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strong Castels &c. To beginne therefore with the most famous
Tower of London, situate in the East, neere vnto the Riuer of
Thames, it hath béene the common opinion: and some haue
written (but of none assured ground) that Iulius Cesar, the first
Conqueror of the Britaines, was the originall Author, and foun
der aswell thereof, as also of many other Towers, castles, and
great buildings within this Realme: but (as I haue alreadie be
fore noted) Cesar remayned not here so long, nor had hee in his
head any such matter,

In my Annals.

but onely to dispatch a conquest of this bar
barous countrey, and to procéede to greater matters. Neyther do
the Romaine writers make mention of any such buildings erected
by him here. And therefore leauing this, and procéeding to more
grounded authoritie, I find in a fayre register booke, of the actes
of the Bishops of Rochester, set downe by Edmond of Haden
ham, that William the first (surnamed Conquerour) builded the
Tower of London,

Tower of Lō
don builded
by William
Conqueror,
namely the
white Tower.

to wit, the great white and square Tower,
there, about the yeare of Christ 1078. appointing Gundulph,
then Bishop of Rochester, to be principall surueyer and ouersée
er1 of that worke, who was for that time lodged in the house of
Edmere a Burgesse of London, the very wordes of which mine
Author are these. Gundulphus Episcopus mandato Willielmi
Regis magni præfuit operi magnæ Turris London. quo tem
pore hospitatus est apud quendā Edmerum Burgensem Lon
don. qui dedit vnum were Ecclesiæ Rofen. This was the great
square Tower, which was then builded, and hath béene since, at
diuers times inlarged with other buildings adioyning, as shall be
shewed hereafter.

VVilliam
Malmsebery.
Mathew Paris
I. London,
Castle by the
Tower build
ed.

This Tower was by tempest of wind sore sha
ken in the yeare 1090. the fourth of William Rufus, and was a
gaine by the said Rufus and Henry the first repayred. They also
caused a castle to be builded vnder the said Tower, to wéete, on the
South side towardes the Thames.

Othowerus, Acolinillus, Otto, and Geffrey Earle of Essex
were foure of the first Constables of this Tower of London, by
succession: all which held by force a portion of lande (that pertay
ned to the Priorie of the holie Trinitie within Aldgate) that is to
say, East Smithfield,

Eastsmithfield
a Vineyarde.

néere vnto the Tower, making there
of a Uyneyarde, and woulde not depart from it, till the seconde

yeare

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yeare of King Stephen , when the same was adiudged and restored
to the said Church.

Ex. Charta.

This Geffrey Magnauille was Earle of
Essex, Constable of the Tower, Sheriffe of London,

Geffrey Mag
na Ville, Earle
of Essex, Con
stable of the
Tower and
Sheriffe of
London.

Middlesex
Essex, and Hertford shires, as appeareth by a Charter of Maud
the Empresse, dated 1141. He also fortified the Tower of Lon
don against King Stephen, but the King tooke him in his court
at S. Albons, and would not deliuer him till hee had rendred the
Tower of London, with the Castels of Walden, and Pleshey in
Essex.

Roger VVinde
uar.

About the yeare 1190. the second of Richard the first,
William Longshampe Bishop of Elie, Chauncellor of England,
for cause of dissention betwixt him and Earle Iohn

Iohn Beuer.

the Kings bro
ther, that was rebell, inclosed the Tower,

The Tower of
London com
passed about
with a wall &
a ditch.2

and castle of London,
with an outward wall of stone imbattailed, and also caused a déepe
ditch to be cast about the same, thinking (as I haue said before) to
haue enuironed it with the Riuer of Thames. By the making of
this ditch3 in Eastsmithfield, the Church of the holy Trinitie in
London lost halfe a marke rent by the yeare, & the Mill was re
moued that belonged to the poore brethren of the Hospitall of S.
Katherine,

S. Katherines
mill stood
where now is
the Iron gate
of the Tower.

and to the Church of the Trinitie aforesaid, which
was no small losse and discommoditie to eyther part, and the gar
den which the King had hyred of the brethren for sixe markes the
yeare, for the most part was wasted and marred by the ditch. Re
compence was often promised, but neuer performed, vntill King
Edward comming after, gaue to the brethren fiue markes and a
half for that part which the ditch had deuoured: and the other part
thereof without, he yeelded to them againe, which they hold: and
of the said rent of fiue markes and a halfe they haue a déed, by ver
tue whereof, they are well paid vntill this day.

About the yeare 1239. King Henry the third caused the To
wer of London to be fortified with bulwarkes,

Bulwarke
without the
Tower build
ed.

which after they
were builded fell downe, and therefore he caused it to be reedified
more strongly, to his cost of more then twelue thousand markes.

Mathew Paris.

In the yeare 1274. King Edward the first commaunded the
Treasurer and Chamberlaine of his Exchequer, to deliuer out of
his Treasorie, vnto Giles of Andwarp 200.

Record. Tower.
Ditch about
the Tower re
payred.

markes, of the fines,
taken of diuers Marchants, or vsurers of London, towardes the
worke of the ditch about the Tower of London.

Edward

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Edward the fourth fortified this Tower, and made it strong.

And in the yeare 1532. King Henry the eight repayred the
whyte Tower.

Tower repay
red by Henry
the eight,

Thus much for the foundation and building, in
crease and maintenance of this Tower. Now somewhat of acci
dents in the same.

In the year 1196.

Actions of the
Tower.

William Fitzosbart, a cittizen of London
seditiously mouing the common people to séeke libertie, and not to
be subiect to the rich,

Iustices sate in
the Tower of
London.

and more mighty, at length was taken and
brought before the Archbishoppe of Canterburie in the Tower,
where he was by the iudges condemned, had iudgement, and was
by the héeles drawne thence to the Ealmes in Smithfield, and
there hanged.

In the yeare 1220. all the Plées belonging to the crowne,
were holden in the Tower:

Plees of the
Crowne plea
ded in the
Tower.

and likewise in the yeare 1224. &c.

In the yeare 1222. the cittizens of London hauing made a
tumult against the Abbot of Westminster, Hubert of Burgh,
chiefe Iustice of England,

Mathew Paris.

came to the Tower of London, called
before him the Mayor and Aldermen, of whom he enquired for the
principall authors of that sedition: amongst whome one named
Constantine Fitz Aelulfe

Constantine
Fitz Aelufe
hanged

auowed, that hee was the man, and
had done much lesse then he ought to haue done: Wherevpon the
Iustice sent him with two other to Falks de Brent, who with ar
med men, brought him to the gallowes, and there hanged him &
other twaine.

In the yeare 1244. Griffith

Griffith of
Wales fel from
the Tower.

the eldest sonne of Leoline, prince
of Wales, being kept prisoner in the Tower, deuised meanes of es
cape, and hauing in the night made of the hangings, shéetes, &c.
a long line, he put himselfe downe from the toppe of the Tower,
but in the slyding, the weight of his body, (being a very bigge and
a fatte man) brake the rope, and he fell and brake his necke with
all.

Sheriffes of
London priso
ners in the
Tower.

In the yeare 1253. King Henry the thirde, imprisoned the
Sheriffes of London in the Tower, more then a moneth, for the
escape

K. Henry land
ed in the To
wer, and held
his Parliament
there.

of a prisoner out of Newgate.

In the yeare 1260. King Henry with his Quéene (for seare
of the Barons) were lodged in this Tower. The next yeare hee
sent for his Lords, and held his parliament there.

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In the yeare 1263. when the Quéene would haue remoued
from the Tower by water, towards VVindsore, sundry Londo
ners got them together to the bridge, vnder the which she was to
passe, and not onely cryed out vpon her with reprochfull wordes,
but also threw myre & stones at her, by which she was constrained
to returne for the time, but in ye year 1265. the said Citizens were
faine to submit themselues to the king for it, and the Mayor, Alder
men, & Sheriffes were sent to diuers prisons, & a Custos also was
set ouer the Citie, to wit, Othon Constable of the Tower, &c.

In the yeare 1282. Leoline Prince of VVales

Leoline prince
of Wales his
head set on
the Tower.

being taken
at Blewth Castle, Roger Lestrange cut off his head, which Sir
Roger Mortimer caused to be crowned with Iuie, and set it vp
on the Tower.

In the yeare 1290. diuers Iustices aswell of the Bench,

Iustices of the
Bench sent to
the Tower.

as
of the assyses, were sent prisoners to the Tower, which with
great sommes of money redéemed their libertie.

In the yeare 1320. the Kinges Iustices sate in the To
wer,

Iustices sate in
the Tower.

for tryall of matters, wherevpon Iohn Gifors late Mayor
of London, and many other fled the Citie for feare of things they
had presumptuously done.

In the yeare 1321. the Mortimers yéelding themselues to the
King, he sent them prisoners to the Tower, where they remayned
long, and were adiudged to be drawne and hanged. But at length
Roger Mortimer

Mortimer
made an e
scape out of
the Tower.
Citizēs of Lō
don wrested ye
keyes of the
Tower from
the Constable.
Mortimer
drawne from
the Tower to
the Elmes, &
hanged

of Wigmore by giuing to his kéepers a sléepie
drinke, escaped out of the Tower, and his vncle Roger being still
kept there died about fiue yeares after.

In the year 1326. the Citizens of London wrested ye keyes of ye
Tower out of the Constables hands, & deliuered all the prisoners.

In the yeare 1330. Roger Mortimer Earle of March was
taken and brought to the Tower, from whence hee was drawne
to the Elmes and there hanged.

In the yeare 1344. King Edward the third commaunded Flo
rences of gold to be made and coyned in the Tower, that is to say,
a penie péece of the value of sixe shillinges and eyght pence, the half
penie piece, of

A Mint in the
Tower: Florē
ces of gold coi
ned there.

the value of iij.s̃. and iiij. ď. and a farthing péece
worth 20. pence, Perciuall de Porte of Luke being then Maister
of the coyne. And this is the first coyning of Gold in the Tower,

whereof

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whereof I haue read, & also the first coyning of Gold in England:
for (that I may a little digresse by occasion hereof) I find that in
times before passed,

Argent, and
Pecunia after
called Estar
ling.

all great sommes were paid by wayght of gold
or siluer, as so many pounds or marks of siluer, or so many pounds
or markes of Gold, as I could proue by many good authorities,
which I ouerpasse. The smaller sommes also were paide in star
lings, which were pence, so called, for other coynes they had none.
The antiquitie of this starling penie vsuall in this Realme, is from
the raign of Henry the second: notwithstanding, the Saxon coines
before the conquest were pence of fine siluer full the weight, and
somewhat better then the latter starlings, as I haue tryed by con
ference of the pence of Burghrede king of Mercia, Aelfred, Ed
ward, and Edelrod, kings of the West Saxons, Plegmond Arch
bishop of Canterburie, and others. William the Conquerours

W. Conqueror
Weare no
beardes.
W. Malmsbery

penie also was fine siluer of the weight of the Easterling, and had
on the one side stamped an armed heade, with a beardles face,
(for the Normans did weare no beardes) with a scepter in his
hand: the inscription in the circumference was this, Le Rei Wilā
on the other side a Crosse double to the ring, betwéene foure row
als of sixe pointes.

King Henrie the first his pennie was of the like weight, fine
nes, forme of face, crosse &c.

This Henrie in the eight year of his raigne, ordayned the peny
which was round, so to bee quartered, by the crosse, that they
might easily bee broken,

Roger Houe
den.

into halfe pence and farthinges. In the
first, second, thirde, fourth, and fift of king Richard the first his
raigne, and afterwardes I find commonly Esterling mony menti
oned, and yet oft times the same is called argent as afore, and not
otherwise.

The first great summe that I read of to be paid in Esterlinges,
was in the fift of Richard the first, when Robert Earle of Ley
cester being prisoner in France, proffered for his ransome a thou
sand markes Esterlinges, notwithstanding the Esterling pence
were long before. The weight of the Esterling pennie

VVeight of
starling penie
32. graines of
Wheate.

may ap
peare by diuers statutes, namely of weights and measures, made
in the 51. of Henry the third in these words. Thirtie two graines
of Wheat, drie and round, taken in the midst of the eare, should

bee

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be the weight of a starling penie, 20. of those pence shoulde waye
one ounce, 12. ownces a pound Troy. It followeth in the statute
eight pound to make a gallon of Wine, and eight gallons a bushell
of London measure; &c. Notwithstanding which Statute, I
find in the eight of Edward the first, Gregorie Rokefley Mayor
of London, being chiefe Maister or minister of the kinges Ex
chaunge, or mintes, a new coyne being then appointed, the pound
of Esterling money should contayne as afore 12. ownces, to wit,
fine siluer, such as was then made into foyle, and was commonly
called siluer of Guthurons lane, 11. ounces, two Estarlings, and
one ferling or farthing, and the other 17. pence ob. q. to bee lay.
Also the pound of money ought to weygh xx.s̃.iij.ď. by accompt,
so that no pound ought to be ouer xx.s̃.iiij.ď.nor lesse thē xx.s̃.ij. ď.
by accompt, the ounce to weigh twenty pence, the penny weyght,
24. graynes (which 24. by weight then appointed, were as
much as the former 32. graynes of weight) a pennie force, 25.
graynes and a halfe, the pennie deble, or féeble 22. graines and a
halfe &c.

Now for the pennie Esterling how it tooke that name, I think
good briefly to touch.

The penie E
sterling how it
tooke the
name.

It hath béene said that Numa Pompilius
the second King of the Romaines commanded money first to bee
made, of whose name they were called Numi, and when Copper
pence, siluer pence, and gold pence were made, because euery sil
uer pennie was worth ten Copper pence, and euery Gold pennie
worth ten siluer pence, the pence therefore were called in Latine
Denarij, and oftentimes the pence are named of the matter and
stuffe of Gold or siluer. But the money of England was called of
the workers and makers thereof: as the Floren of gold is called
of the Florentines, that were the workers thereof: and so the
Esterling pence tooke their name of the Esterlinges, which did
first make this mony in England in the raign of Henry the second.

Thus haue I set downe according to my small reading in anti
quitie: these money matters, omitting the imaginations

Starling mo
ney when it
tooke begin
ning in this
land,

of late
writers, of whom some haue saide Esterling money to take that
name of a starre, stamped in the border, or ring of the pennie: o
ther some of a birde called a Stare or starling stamped in the cir
cumference: and other (more vnlikely) of being coyned at Siri

uelin.

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uelin or Starling, a towne in Scotland. &c.

Now concerning halfe pence, and Farthinges,

Of halfepence
ond farthings.

the account of
which is more subtiller then the pence, I neede not speake of them
more, then that they were onely made in the Exchange at Lon
don, and no where else. The kinges Exchaunge at

The kinges
Exchange at
London.

London,
was neare vnto the Cathedrall Church of S. Paule, and is to this
day commonly called the old Chaunge, but in Euidences the old
Exchange.

The kings Exchaunger, in this place, was to deliuer out to e
uery other Exchaunger, throughout England, or other the kinges
Dominions, their Coyning irons, that is to say, one Standerde,
or Staple, and two Trussels, or Punchons: and when the same
were spent and woorne, to receiue them with an accounte, what
summe had

Mints in Eng
land.

beene coyned, and also their Pix, or Boxe of assay and
to deliuer other Irons new grauen, &c. I finde that in the 9. of
king Iohn,

patent 9. Iohn

there was besides the Mint at London, other Mints,
at Winchester, Excester, Chicester, Canterbury, Rochester,
Ipswitch, Norwitch, Lenn, Lincolne, Yorke, Carlell, North
hampton, Oxforde, S. Edmondsbury, and Durham. The Ex
changer, Examiner, and Tryer, buyeth the siluer, for Coynage:
aunswering for euery 100.£. of siluer, bought in Bolion, or
otherwise, 98. l. 15. s̃. for he taketh 25.s̃. for coynage.

Deminishing.
of Coine.

In the yeare 1351. William Edington Bishop of Winche
ster, and Treasurer

Thomas VVal
singham.
First groates
and halfe
coyned.

of Englande, a wise man, but louing the
kinges commodity, more then the wealth of the whole Realme,
& common people, (saith mine Author) caused a new coine, called a
groate, and a halfe groate, to be coyned and stamped, the groate
to be taken for iiij.ď. and the halfe groate for ij.ď. not conteyning
in weight according to the pence called Easterlinges, but much
lesse, to wit by v.s̃. in the pounde: by reason whereof, victuailes,
and marchandizes became the dearer, through the whole Realme.
Aboute the same time also, the olde coine of golde, was changed in
to a new, but the old noble (then so called) was worth much aboue
the taxed rate of the new, and therefore

Coines of gold
enhaunced.

the Marchantes ingrossed
vp the olde, and conueyed them out of the Realme to the greate
losse of the kingdome. Wherefore a remedy was prouided by
chaunging of the stampe.

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In the yeare 1464. king Edwarde the 4. caused a new Coine
both of golde and siluer to bee made, whereby he gained much:
For he made of an olde Noble a Royal,

Coines of
golde⎜allayed
and also raised
in valew, Rose,
Noble.

which he commanded to
go for x.s̃. Neuerthelesse to the same Royal was put 8.ď. of Alay,
and so weighed the more, being smitten, with a new stamp, to wit
a Rose. He likewise made halfe Angels of 5.s̃. and Farthings, of
2.s̃ . 6.ď. Angelets of 6. s̃ .8.ď. and halfe Angels 3.s̃. 4.ď. He made
siluer monies of 3.ď. a groate, and so of other Coynes after that
rate, to the greate harme of the commons. William Lorde Ha
stinges being Maister of the kinges Mintes.

Thus much for Mint and coynage in and by occasion of this
Tower, where the chiefe coining hath long continued, vnder cor
rection of other more skilful may suffice : and now to other acci
dents here.

In the yeare 1360. the Peace betweene England

French king
Prisoner in the
Tower.

and France,
being confirmed, King Edwarde came ouer into England, and
straight to the Tower, to see the French king then prisoner there,
whose ransome hee assessed at three millions of Florences, and so
deliuered him from Prison, and brought him with honor to the
Sea.

In the yere 1381. the Rebels of Kent,

Rebels of Kent
enter the
Tower.

drew out of the Tow
er (where the king was then loged,) Simon Sudbery, Archbishop
of Canterbury, Lorde Chauncelor: Robart Hales Prior of S.
Iohns, and Treasurer of Englande: William Appleton Frier,
the kinges confessor, and Iohn Legge a Sargiant of the kinges,
and beheaded them on the Tower hill. &c.

In the yeare 1387. king Richard

Richard the
2. prisoner in
the Tower.

held his feast of Christmas
in the Tower. And in the yeare 1399. the same king was sent
prisoner to the Tower.

In the yeare 1414. Sir Iohn Oldecastle brake out of the
Tower. And the same yeare a Parliament being holden at Lei
cester, a Porter of the Tower was drawn, hanged and headed,
whose heade was sent vp, and set ouer the Tower gate, for con
senting to one Whitlooke, that brake out of the Towre.

In the yeare 1419. Fryer Randulph was sent to the Tow
er, and was there slaine by the Parson of S. Peters in the Tower.

In the yeare 1465. king Henry the 6. was brought priso

ner

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ner to the Tower, where he remained long. In the yeare, 1470.
the Tower was yeelded to the Maior of London, and his
Brethren the Aldermen, who forthwith entered the same, and
deliuered king Henry, but the next yeare hee was againe sent
thether, and there murthered.

In the yeare, 1478. George Duke of Clarence was drow
ned in the Tower: and within 5. yeares after king Edwarde the
5. with his brother were murdered in the Tower.

King Henry
the 6. murdred
in the Tower

In the yere,
1502. Queene Elizabeth wife of Henry, the 7. died of childebirth
in the Tower. In the yeare 1512. the Chappell in the high
white Tower was burned. In the yeare 1536.

King Edward
the 5. murde
red in the tow
er.

Queene Anne
Bullen was beheaded in the Tower. In the yeare 1541.
Lady Katheren Howarde wife to king Henry the 8. was also
beheaded there.

Thus much for these accidentes: and now to conclude thereof
in summarie. This Tower

Vse of the
Tower.

is a citadell, to defend or commande
the Citie: A royall palace for assemblies, and treaties. A prison
of Estate, for the most daungerous offendors: The onely place of
coinage for all Englande at this present. The Armorie for war
like prouision. The Treasurie of the ornamentes and Iewels, of
the Crowne, and generall conseruer of the most auncient Re
cordes of the kinges Courtes of iustice at Westminster.

The next Tower on the riuer of Thames, is on London bridge
at the North ende of the draw bridge.

Tower at the
north end of
the draw bridg

This Tower was
new begun to be builded in the yeare, 1426. Iohn Reynwell
Maior of London, laide one of the first corner stones, in the foun
dation of this worke, the other three were laide by the Shiriffes,
and Bridgemaisters, vpon euery of these foure stones was engra
uen in fayre Romaine letters, the name of Ihesus. And these
stones, I haue seene laide in the Bridge store house, since they
were taken vp, when that Tower was of late newly made of
timber. This gate and Tower was at the first stronglie builded vp
of stone, and so continued vntill the yere 1577. in the Moneth of
Aprill , when the same stone Arched gate, and Tower being de
cayed was begunne to bee taken downe, and then were the heads
of the Traytors remoued thence, and set on the Tower ouer the
gate at the bridge foote, towardes Southwarke. This saide Tow

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being taken downe a new foundation was drawne : and Sir
Iohn Langley Lord Maior layed the first stone in the presence of
the Shiriffes, and Bridge maisters, on the 28. of Auguſt , and in
the Moneth of September, the yeare 1579. the same Tow
er was finished a beutiful and chargeable peece of worke, all aboue
the bridge being of timber.

An other Towre there is on London bridge, to wit, ouer
the gate at the South ende of the same bridge

Tower at the
south ende of
the bridge.

towardes South
warke. This gate with the Tower thereupon, and two Arches
of the Bridge fell downe, and no man perished by the fall thereof
in the yere, 1436.

The south gate
on London
bridge burned.

Towards the new building whereof, diuers, cha
ritable Citizens gaue large summes of money: which gate being
then again new builded, was in the yere 1471. burned by the Mar
riners and Saylors of Kent, Bastarde Fauconbridge, being theyr
Captaine.

In the west part of this citie, (saith Fitzstephen) are two most
strong castels &c. Also Garuasius Tilbery, in the raigne of Hen
ry the second, writing of these castles, hath to this effect. Two
Castles (saith hee, are built with walles and rampires, wher
of one, is in right of succession, Baynardes:

Baynardes
Castle.
Fitzstephen.
Garua. Tilbery

the other the Ba
rons of Mountfitchet: the first of these castles bankying on the
riuer Thames, was called Baynardes Castle, of Baynarde, a
noble man that came in with the Conqueror, and then builded
it and deceased in the yeare of the raigne of William Rufus:4 after
whose decease Geffery Baynarde succeeded, and then William
Baynarde, in the yeare 1111. who by forfeyture for felony, lost
his Barony, of little Dunmow and king Henry gaue it wholy to
Robart Fitz Richard5 the Sonne of Gilbarte Earle of Clare,
and to his heires together with the honor of Baynardes castell.
This Robart married Maude de Sent Licio, Lady of Bradham
and deceased 1134. was buried at S. Nedes, by Richarde
Earle of Clare, his Father. VValter, his sonne succeeded him,
hee tooke to wife Matilde de Becham, and after her decease
Matilde de Lucy, on whome he begat Robarte and other, hee
deceased in the yeare 1198. and was buried at Dunmow after
whome succeeded Robart Fitzwater a valiant knight.

Aboute the yeare 1213. there arose a greate discorde be
twixt king Iohn, and his Barons, because of Matilde,

Liber Dunmow.

surna

med

D8v

med the fayre daughter, to the sayde Roberte Fitzwater, whome
the king vnlawfully loued, but could not obtayne her, nor her fa
ther woulde consent thereunto, whereupon (and for other like cau
ses) ensued warre throughout the whole Realme. The Barons
were receiued into London, where they greatly indamaged the
king, but in the end the king did not onely, (therefore) bannish the
said Fitzwater

Robert Fitzwa
ter banished.

(amongst other), out of the Realme: but also cau
sed his Castle called Baynarde,

Baynardes
castle destroy
ed.

and other his houses to be spoiled,
which thing being done Matilde, the fayre, a Messenger being
sent vnto her,

Virginity de
fended with
the losse of
worldly goods
and life of the
bodie, for life
of the soule

aboute the kinges suite, whereunto shee would not
consent, was poisoned. Robert Fitzwater, and some other being
then passed into France, and some other into Scotland. &c.

It happened in the yere 1214. king Iohn being then in France
with a greate Armie, that a truce was taken beewixt the two
kinges of England and France, for the terme of 5. yeares, and a
riuer or arme of the sea being then betwixt eyther Host. There
was a knight in the English host, that cried to them of the other
side, willing some one of their knightes to come and iust a course
or twaine with him, whereupon without stay Robert Fitzwater
being on the French parte, made himselfe readie, ferried ouer, and
got on horsebacke, without any man to helpe him, and shewed
himselfe ready to the face of his challenger, whome at the first
course, he stroake so harde with his greate Speare, that horse and
man fell to the grounde, and when his speare was broken, hee
went backe againe to the king of France, which when the king

King Iohns
oath.

had seene, by Gods tooth (quoth hee) after his vsuall oath, hee
were a king indeede, that had such a knight: the frendes of Robert
hearing these words, kneeled downe and saide: O King hee is
your knight: it is Robert Fitzwater, and thereupon the next day
he was sent for, and restored to the kinges fauour : by which
meanes peace was concluded, and he receiued his liuinges, and had
licence to repayre

Robert Fitz
water restored
to the kings
fauour.

his Castle of Baynarde and other Castles.

This Robert deceased in the yeare 1234.6 and was buried at
Dunmow, and VValter his sonne that succeeded him 1258.
his Barony of Baynarde, was in the

Baynardes
castle againe
builded.

warde of king Henry in
the nonage of Robert Fitzwater. This Robert tooke to his
second wife Alienor, daughter to the Earle of Ferrars,7 in the

yeare,

E1r

yeare, 1289. And in the yeare 1303. before Iohn Blund

Richarde Fitz
water8 Castili
an of London,
and banner
bearer.

Maior
of London, hee acknowledged his seruice to the same Citie for
his Castle Baynarde, hee deceased in the yere 1305. and leauing
issue Walter FitzRobert, who had issue Robert Fitzwater9 who
deceased in the yere 1325. vnto whom succeeded Robert Fitz Ro
bert Fitzwater,10 &c. More of the Lord Fitzwaters may ye read in
my summary and Annales in the 51. of Edward the 3.. But now
how this honor of Baynardes Castle with the appurtenances fell
from the possession of the Lords Fitzwaters, I haue not read, onely
I finde that Humphrey Duke of Glocester,

Humphrey
Duke of Glo
cester new
builded Bay
nardes Castle.
Richard Duke
of Yorke, ho
nor of Bay
nardes Castle.
Richarde of
Glocester in
Baynardes Ca
stle tooke on
him the
Crowne.

builded it of new,
by whose death in the yeare of Christ, 1446. it came to the hands
of king Henry the sixt, and from him to Richarde Duke of
Yorke, of whome we reade, that in the yeare 1457 hee lodged
there, as in his own house: and true it is, that his sonne king Ed
warde the fourth being dead, and leauing his eldest sonne Edward
and his second sonne Richarde, both infantes: there Richarde
Duke of Glocester, then Protector, practised for the Crowne, and
as it were by election of the Commons, made in the Guild hall of
London, tooke vpon him there the title of the Realme, as offered
and imposed vpon him: as yee may reade set downe and penned,
by Sir Thomas Moore. King Henry the 7. aboute the yeare
1501. the 3. of his raigne,11 repayred or rather new builded this
house not so imbattelled, or so strongly fortified castlelike, but far
more beutifull and commodious, for the entertainment of any
Prince or greate estate. In the 7. of his raigne hee with his
Queene were lodged there, and came from thence to Paules,
where they made their offering: dined in the Bishops Palace,
and so returned.

King Henry
the first12 was
lodged in Bay
nardes Castle.

The eighttenth of his raigne hee was lodged
there, and the Ambassadors from the king of Romaines were thi
ther brought. to his presence, and from thence the King came to
Pawles and was ther sworne vnto the king of Romaines, as the
king had sworne vnto him. This Castle now belongeth to the
Earle of Pembrooke. The next Tower, or Castle bankyng
also on the Riuer of Thames, was, as is afore shewed, called
Mountfiquites Castle,

Tower of
Montfiquit.

of a noble man, Baron of Mountfitchet
the first builder thereof who came in with VVilliam the Con
queror and was surnamed Le Sir Mountfiquit. This Castle hee

builded

E1v

builded in a place not far distant from Baynardes, towardes the
West. The same William Mountfiquit liued in the Raigne of
Henry the 1. and was witnes to a Charter, then granted to the
citie for the Shiriffes of London. Richard Montfiquit liued in
king Iohns time: and in the yere 1213. was by the same king ba
nished the Realme into France, when peraduenture king Iohn
caused his Castle of Montfiquit, amongst other Castles of the
Barons to bee ouerthrowne: the which after his returne ,
might be by him againe reedified, for the totall destruction thereof
was aboute the yeare 1276. when Robert Kiliwarble, Arch
bishop of Canterbury beganne the foundation of the house of the
Friars Preachers church there, commonly called the Black Friers
as appeareth by a Charter, the 10. of Iune, the 4, of Edwarde
the 1. remayning of Recorde in the Tower, wherein is declared
that Gregory de Rocksley Maior of London, and the Barons

Barons of
London.

of the same Citie granted, and gaue vnto the saide Archbishoppe
Robert two lanes or waies next the streete of Baynardes castle
and the Tower of Montfiquit, to be applied for the enlargement
of the saide Church and place.

A third Tower there was also situate on the riuer of Thames

Tower in the
Thames.

neare vnto the saide Blacke Friers Church, on the west parte
thereof, builded at the Citizens charges, but by licence and com
mandement of Edwarde the 1. and of Edwarde the 2. as appea
reth by their grantes : which Tower was then finished and so
stoode for the space of 300. yeares, and was at the last taken
downe by the commandement of Iohn Sha Maior of London
in the yeare 1502.

An other Tower or Castle

Tower or
Castle on the
west of Lon
dō by S. Brides
Church.

also was there in the west parte
of the Citie, perteyning to the king: For I reade that in the yere
1087. the 20. of VVilliam the first, 13 the Citie of London with
the Church of S. Paule. being burned, Mauritius then Bishop
of London afterwarde began the foundation of a new Church,
whereunto king VVilliam (saith mine Author) gaue the choice
stones of this Castle standing neare to the banke of the riuer of
Thames, at the west ende of the Citie. After this Mauritius, Ri
charde his successor, purchased the

Vita Arkenwald

streetes aboue Paules church
compassing the same with a wall of stone, and gates. King Hen

E2r

ry the first gaue to this Richarde so much of the Moate (or wall)
of the Castle, on the Thames side to the south, as shoulde be néed
full to make the said wall of the Churchyarde, and so much more as
should suffice to make a way without the wal on the North side &c.
This Tower (or Castle) thus destroyed stoode as it may seeme,
in place where now standeth the house called Bridewel. For not
withstanding the destruction of the saide Castle or Tower, the
house remayned large, so that the kings of this Realme long after
were lodged there, and kept their Courtes: for in the 9. yeare of
Henry the thirde the Courte of law and iustice, were kept in the
kinges house,

The kinges
house by S.
Brides in
Eleetestreete.

wheresoeuer he was lodged, and not else where.
And that the kings haue beene lodged and kept their Law courtes
in this place, I could shew you many authorities of Recorde, but
for plaine proofe this one may suffice. Hæc est finalis concordia,
faƈta in Curia Domini regis apud Sanƈt. Brigid. London a die
Sanƈti Michelis in 15. dies, Anno regni regis Iohannis 7. co
rā G. Fil. Petri. Eustacio de Faucōberg, Iohanne de Gestlinge
Osbart filio Heruey, VValter, de Crisping, Iusticiar. & aliis
Baronibus Domini regis . More (as Mathew Paris

Mathew Paris
manuscripta. Parliament at
S. Brides.

hath) about
the yeare 1210. king Iohn in the 12. of his raigne summoned a
Parliament at S. Brides in London, where hee exacted of the
Clergie and religious persons the summe of 100000. poundes, &
besides all this, the white Monkes were compelled to cancell their
Priuiledges, and to pay 40000. poundes to the king, &c. This
house of S. Brides of latter time being left, and not vsed by the
kinges: fell to ruine, insomuch that the verie platforme thereof
remayned for greate parte wast, and as it were, but a laystall of
filth and rubbish: onely a fayre well remained there: a greate part
whereof, namely on the west, (as hath beene said) was giuen to
the Bishop of Salisbury, the other parte towardes the East re
mayning wast, vntill that king Henry the 8. builded a stately and
beutifull house thereupon, giuing it to name Bridewell,

Bridewell
builded by
Henry the 8.

of the
parish and well there: this house he purposely builded for the en
tertainement of the Emperor Charles the 5. who in the yeare,
1522. came into this Citie, as I haue shewed in my summary
annales, and large chronicles.

On the northwest side of this Citie, neare vnto Redcrosse

sterete

E2v

streete there was a Tower commonlie

Barbican or
Burhkenning.

called Barbican, or Burh
kenning, for that the same being placed on a high ground, and also
builded of some good height, was in the olde time vsed as a Watch
Tower, for the Citie, from whence a man might behold and view
the whole Citie towards the South, as also sée into Kent, Sussex,
and Surrey, and likewise euery other way east, north, or west.

Some other Burhkennings or (Watch Towers) there were
of olde time in and aboute the citie, all which were repayred, yea
and others new builded, by Gilbart de Clare earle of Glocester,
in the raigne of king Henry, the third, when the Barons were in
Armes, and held the citie against the king: but the Barons being
reconciled to his fauour in the yeare 1267. hee caused all their
Burhkenninges, watch towers, and Bulwarkes made and re
pared by the said Earle, to be plucked downe, and the ditches to
be filled vp:so that nought of them might be séene to remaine and
then was this Burhkenning amongst the rest ouerthrowne and
destroyed: and although the ditch neare thereunto, called Hounds
ditch was stopped vp, yet the streete of long time after was called
Houndes ditch, and of late time more commonly called Barbican.
The plot or seate of this Burhkenning or watch tower, king Ed
warde the thirde in the yeare 1336. and the 10. of his raigne,
gaue vnto Robert Efforde Earle of Suffolke, by the name of his
Mannor of Base courte, in the parish of S. Giles without Cripple
gate of London, commonly called the Barbican.

Tower Royall was of old time the kinges house, but sithence
called the

Tower Royall.

Queenes Wardrobe: the Princesse, mother to King
Richard the 2. in the 4. of his raigne was lodged there being for
ced to flie from the tower of London, when the Rebels possessed
it: But on the 15. of Iune (saith Frosarde) VVat Tylar being
slaine,

Iohn Frosarde.

the king went to this Lady Princesse his mother, then lod
ged in the Tower Royall, called the Queenes Wardrobe, where
she had tarried 2. dayes and 2. nightes: which Tower (sayeth the
Recorde of Edwarde the 3. the 36. yeare) was in the Parish of
S. Michaell de Pater noster, &c.

Liber S. in e
borum.
The king of
Ermony came
into England.

In the yeare 1386. king
Richarde with Queene Anne his wife, kept their Christmas
at Eltham, whether came to him Lion king of Ermony vnder
pretence to reforme Peace, betwixt the kinges of Englande and

France

E3r

France, but what his comming profited he onely vnderstoode: for
besides innumerable giftes, that he receiued of the king, and of the
Nobles, the king lying then in this Royall at the Queenes War
drobe,

Richarde the
2. lodged in
the Tower
Royall.

in London, granted to him a Charter of a thousand pounds
by yeare, during his life. Hee was (as hee affirmed) chased out
of his kingdome by the Tartarians. The rest concerning this
Tower shall you reade when you come to the Vintry warde
in which it standeth.

Survey of London (1598): Gates of this City

Survey of London (1598): Schools and Houses of Learning

Notes

I.e., ouerseer. (SM)↑
I.e., Tower Ditch. (MR)↑
I.e., Tower Ditch. (MR)↑
In the 1598 text, Stow does not specify a year. In the 1603 text, Stow removes the phrase the year of. (KL)↑
Robart Fitz Richard is correctly changed to Robert the sonne of Richard in later editions of Stow’s Survey. (JZ)↑
Robert Fitzwalter actually died in 1235 (See ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter). (JZ)↑
I.e., Robert de Ferrers. (JZ)↑
Stow here means Robert Fitzwalter. This error is corrected in later editions of Stow’s Survey (JZ)↑
Stow appears to be mistaken here. According to ODNB, Lord Robert Fitzwalter’s son, Walter, predeceased him, making his other son, Sir Robert Fitzwalter, his heir (ODNB Fitzwalter family). This Robert may be the one here mentioned by Stow who died in 1325 (Sir Robert Fitwalter’s actual death occurred in 1328). (JZ)↑
Stow appears to be mistaken here. The son of Sir Robert Fitzwalter was Lord John Fitzwalter, the second Lord Fitzwalter. Lord John Fitzwalter’s son and heir was named Walter Fitzwalter. It is uncertain who Stow here means by Robert Fitz Robert Fitzwater. (JZ)↑
Stow’s two dating methods do not correspond here; 1501 is the 16th/17th year of Henry VII’s reign. Given the context, it is likely that the third year of Henry VII’s reign (1487-1488) is the correct date. (SM)↑
I.e., King Henry VII. (SM)↑
Stow’s two dating methods do not correspond here; 1087 was in the 21st and final year of William I’s reign. (SM)↑

References

Citation
Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. See also the digital transcription of this edition at British History Online.
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Cite this page

MLA citation

Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.

Chicago citation

Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.

APA citation

Stow, J., & fitz-Stephen, W. 2022. Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles. In J. Jenstad (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.

RIS file (for RefMan, RefWorks, EndNote etc.)

Provider: University of Victoria
Database: The Map of Early Modern London
Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

TY  - ELEC
A1  - Stow, John
A1  - fitz-Stephen, William
ED  - Jenstad, Janelle
T1  - Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
T2  - The Map of Early Modern London
ET  - 7.0
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/05/05
CY  - Victoria
PB  - University of Victoria
LA  - English
UR  - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm
UR  - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/stow_1598_towers.xml
ER  -

TEI citation

<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#STOW6"><surname>Stow</surname>, <forename>John</forename></name></author>, and <author><name ref="#FITZ1"><forename>William</forename> <surname>fitz-Stephen</surname></name></author>. <title level="a">Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles</title>. <title level="m">The Map of Early Modern London</title>, Edition <edition>7.0</edition>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename> <surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>, <date when="2022-05-05">05 May 2022</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm</ref>.</bibl>

Personography

Molly Rothwell

MR

Project Manager, 2022-present. Research Assistant, 2020-2022. Molly Rothwell was an undergraduate student at the University of Victoria, with a double major in English and History. During her time at MoEML, Molly primarily worked on encoding and transcribing the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey, adding toponyms to MoEML’s Gazetteer, researching England’s early-modern court system, and standardizing MoEML’s Mapography.
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JZ

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KL

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Sarah Milligan

SM

Research Assistant, 2012-2014. MoEML Research Affiliate. Sarah Milligan completed her MA at the University of Victoria in 2012 on the invalid persona in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese. She has also worked with the Internet Shakespeare Editions and with Dr. Alison Chapman on the Victorian Poetry Network, compiling an index of Victorian periodical poetry.
Roles played in the project
- Author
- Compiler
- Copy Editor
- Editor
- Encoder
- Markup Editor
- Researcher
- Toponymist
- Transcriber
Contributions by this author
Sarah Milligan is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Sarah Milligan is mentioned in the following documents:
Kim McLean-Fiander

KMF

Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.
Roles played in the project
- Associate Project Director
- Author
- CSS Editor
- Compiler
- Conceptor
- Copy Editor
- Data Manager
- Director of Pedagogy and Outreach
- Editor
- Encoder
- Geo-Coordinate Researcher
- Managing Editor
- Markup Editor
- Metadata Architect
- Research Fellow
- Toponymist
- Transcriber
- Transcription Proofreader
- Vetter
Contributions by this author
Kim McLean-Fiander is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Kim McLean-Fiander is mentioned in the following documents:
Janelle Jenstad

JJ

Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).
Roles played in the project
- Abstract Author
- Author
- Author (Preface)
- Author of Preface
- Compiler
- Conceptor
- Copy Editor
- Course Instructor
- Course Supervisor
- Data Manager
- Editor
- Encoder
- Geo-Coordinate Researcher
- Markup Editor
- Peer Reviewer
- Project Director
- Proofreader
- Researcher
- Toponymist
- Transcriber
- Transcription Proofreader
- Vetter
Contributions by this author
Janelle Jenstad is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Janelle Jenstad is mentioned in the following documents:
Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
- Jenstad, Janelle and Joseph Takeda. Making the RA Matter: Pedagogy, Interface, and Practices. Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Jentery Sayers. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Print.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650. Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145.
- Jenstad, Janelle. The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody. The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print.
- Jenstad, Janelle. The City Cannot Hold You: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..
- Jenstad, Janelle. The Gouldesmythes Storehowse: Early Evidence for Specialisation. The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment. Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage. Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London. GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print.
- Jenstad, Janelle. Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?. Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/.
- Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MV/.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed.
Paul Schaffner

PS

E-text and TCP production manager at the University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service (DLPS), Paul manages the production of full-text transcriptions for EEBO-TCP.
Roles played in the project
- Editor of Original EEBO-TCP Encoding
Sebastian Rahtz

SR

Chief data architect at University of Oxford IT Services, Sebastian was well known for his contributions to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), OxGarage, and the Text Creation Partnership (TCP).
Roles played in the project
- Creator of TEI Stylesheets for Conversion of EEBO-TCP Encoding to TEI-P5
Martin D. Holmes

MDH

Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.
Roles played in the project
- Abstract Author
- Author
- Conceptor
- Editor
- Encoder
- Geo-Coordinate Researcher
- Markup Editor
- Post-Conversion Editor
- Programmer
- Proofreader
- Researcher
Contributions by this author
Martin D. Holmes is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Martin D. Holmes is mentioned in the following documents:
Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great King of Wessex King of the Anglo-Saxons

(b. between 848 and 849, d. 899)

King of Wessex 871-886. King of the Anglo-Saxons 886-899. Father of Ethelfled. Father-in-law of Æthelred and Adhered.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Alfred the Great is mentioned in the following documents:
Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn Queen consort of England

(b. 1500, d. 1536)

Queen consort of England 1533-1536. Second wife of Henry VIII. Executed on grounds of treason.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Anne Boleyn is mentioned in the following documents:
Ralph Baynard

Builder of Baynard’s Castle.
- BHO
- Wikipedia
Ralph Baynard is mentioned in the following documents:
William Baynard

Last member of the Baynard line to own Baynard’s Castle.
- BHO
William Baynard is mentioned in the following documents:
Richard de Belmeis I

Richard de Belmeis This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I Bishop of London

(d. 1127)

Bishop of London 1108-1127. Financier of St. Paul’s Cathedral after the 1087 fire.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Richard de Belmeis I is mentioned in the following documents:
John Bever

John Bever of London

Monk and historical writer. Cited in Stow’s Survey of London.
- ODNB
John Bever is mentioned in the following documents:
Charles V

Charles This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 5V Holy Roman Emperor King of Germany King of Italy King of Spain

(b. 1500, d. 1558)

Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1556. King of Germany 1519-1556. King of Italy 1530-1556. King of Spain 1516-1556.
- OR
- Wikipedia
Charles V is mentioned in the following documents:
George Plantagenet

(b. 1449, d. 1478)

First Duke of Clarence. Drowned in a vessel filled with malmsey (a fortified wine).
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
George Plantagenet is mentioned in the following documents:
Edward I

Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Longshanks Hammer of the Scots

(b. between 17 June 1239 and 18 June 1239, d. in or before 27 October 1307)

King of England 1272-1307. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward I is mentioned in the following documents:
Edward III

Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England

(b. 12 November 1312, d. 21 June 1377)

King of England 1327-1377. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward III is mentioned in the following documents:
Edward II

Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II King of England

(b. 25 April 1284, d. 1327)

King of England 1307-1327.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward II is mentioned in the following documents:
Edward IV

Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 4IV King of England

(b. 28 April 1442, d. 9 April 1483)

King of England 1461-1470 and 1471-1483.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward IV is mentioned in the following documents:
Elizabeth of York

Elizabeth Queen consort of England

(b. 1466, d. 1503)

Queen consort of England 1486-1503. Wife of Henry VII. Mother of Henry VIII. Buried at Henry VII’s Chapel.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Elizabeth of York is mentioned in the following documents:
William fitz-Stephen

(fl. 1162-74)

Biographer and clerk.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William fitz-Stephen is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry VIII

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 8VIII King of England King of Ireland

(b. 28 June 1491, d. 28 January 1547)

King of England and Ireland 1509-1547.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry VIII is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry VI

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 6VI King of England

(b. 6 December 1421, d. 21 May 1471)

King of England 1422-1461 and 1470-1471.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry VI is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry I

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Beauclerc

(b. between 1068 and 1069, d. 1135)

King of England 1100-1135.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry I is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry VII

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 7VII King of England

(b. 1457, d. 1509)

King of England and Lord of Ireland 1485-1509. Buried at Henry VII’s Chapel.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry VII is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry II

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II King of England

(b. 1133, d. 1189)

King of England 1154-1189.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry II is mentioned in the following documents:
Henry III

Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England

(b. 1 October 1207, d. 16 November 1272)

King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine 1216-1272. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Henry III is mentioned in the following documents:
Roger of Hoveden

Roger

(d. in or before 1201)

Chronicler and historian.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Roger of Hoveden is mentioned in the following documents:
John I

John This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Lackland

(b. 1167, d. 1216)

King of England 1199-1216.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
John I is mentioned in the following documents:
Humphrey of Lancaster

Humphrey

(b. 1390, d. 1447)

First Duke of Gloucester. Prince, soldier, and literary patron. Rebuit Baynard’s Castle after it was destroyed by fire in 1428. Husband of Eleanor de Cobham. Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Humphrey of Lancaster is mentioned in the following documents:
William de Longchamp

William de Longchamp Bishop of Ely

(d. 1197)

Bishop of Ely 1189–1197. Chancellor of England.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William de Longchamp is mentioned in the following documents:
Maurice

Maurice Bishop of London

(d. 1107)

Bishop of London 1085-1107.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Maurice is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Thomas More

(b. 1478, d. 1535)

Lord Chancellor of England. Husband of Dame Alice More.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Sir Thomas More is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Thomas More authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
- More, Thomas. The co[n]futacyon of Tyndales answere made by syr Thomas More knyght lorde chau[n]cellour of Englonde. London, 1532. STC 18079.
Richard II

Richard This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II King of England

(b. 6 January 1367, d. 1400)

King of England 1377-1399. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Richard II is mentioned in the following documents:
Richard I

Richard This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England the Lionhearted

(b. 8 November 1157, d. 6 April 1199)

King of England 1189-1199.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Richard I is mentioned in the following documents:
Richard III

Richard This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England

(b. 1452, d. 1485)

King of England and Lord of Ireland 1483-1485.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Richard III is mentioned in the following documents:
Stephen I

Stephen This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England

(b. 1092, d. 1154)

King of England 1135-1154. Key figure during The Anarchy, a civil war in England and Normandy 1135-1153.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Stephen I is mentioned in the following documents:
John Stow

(b. between 1524 and 1525, d. 1605)

Historian and author of A Survey of London. Husband of Elizabeth Stow.
- MoEML
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
John Stow is mentioned in the following documents:
John Stow authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
- Blome, Richard. Aldersgate Ward and St. Martins le Grand Liberty Taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. M3r and sig. M4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Aldgate Ward with its Division into Parishes. Taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections & Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H3r and sig. H4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Billingsgate Ward and Bridge Ward Within with it’s Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. Y2r and sig. Y3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Bishopsgate-street Ward. Taken from the Last Survey and Corrected. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. N1r and sig. N2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Bread Street Ward and Cardwainter Ward with its Division into Parishes Taken from the Last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. B3r and sig. B4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Broad Street Ward with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections and Additions, & Cornhill Ward with its Divisions into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey, &c. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. P2r and sig. P3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Cheape Ward with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig.D1r and sig. D2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Coleman Street Ward and Bashishaw Ward Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. G2r and sig. G3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Cow Cross being St Sepulchers Parish Without and the Charterhouse. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H2v and sig. H3r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Creplegate Ward with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey, with Additions, and Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. I3r and sig. I4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Farrington Ward Without, with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections & Amendments. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. 2F3r and sig. 2F4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Lambeth and Christ Church Parish Southwark. Taken from ye last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. Z1r and sig. Z2r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Langborne Ward with its Division into Parishes. Corrected from the Last Survey. & Candlewick Ward with its Division into Parishes. Corrected from the Last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. U3r and sig. U4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Map of St. Gilles’s Cripple Gate. Without. With Large Additions and Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H2v and sig. H3r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Map of the Parish of St. Dunstans Stepney, als. Stebunheath Divided into Hamlets. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. F3r and sig. F4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Map of the Parish of St Mary White Chappel and a Map of the Parish of St Katherines by the Tower. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. F2r and sig. F3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of Lime Street Ward. Taken from ye Last Surveys & Corrected. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. M1r and sig. M2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of St. Andrews Holborn Parish as well Within the Liberty as Without. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. 2I1r and sig. 2I2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parishes of St. Clements Danes, St. Mary Savoy; with the Rolls Liberty and Lincolns Inn, Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig.O4v and sig. O1r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St. Anns. Taken from the last Survey, with Correction, and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. L2v and sig. L3r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St. Giles’s in the Fields Taken from the Last Servey, with Corrections and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. K1v and sig. K2r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St Margarets Westminster Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig.H3v and sig. H4r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St Martins in the Fields Taken from ye Last Survey with Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. I1v and sig. I2r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St Pauls Covent Garden Taken from the Last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. L3v and sig. L4r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. A Mapp of the Parish of St Saviours Southwark and St Georges taken from ye last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. D1r and sig.D2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. The Parish of St. James Clerkenwell taken from ye last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H3v and sig. H4r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. The Parish of St. James’s, Westminster Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. K4v and sig. L1r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. The Parish of St Johns Wapping. The Parish of St Paul Shadwell. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. E2r and sig. E3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Portsoken Ward being Part of the Parish of St. Buttolphs Aldgate, taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections and Additions. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. B1v and sig. B2r. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Queen Hith Ward and Vintry Ward with their Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. 2C4r and sig. 2D1v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Shoreditch Norton Folgate, and Crepplegate Without Taken from ye Last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. G1r and sig. G2v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Spittle Fields and Places Adjacent Taken from ye Last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. F4r and sig. G1v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. St. Olave and St. Mary Magdalens Bermondsey Southwark Taken from ye last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. C2r and sig.C3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Tower Street Ward with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. E2r and sig. E3v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. Walbrook Ward and Dowgate Ward with its Division into Parishes, Taken from the Last Surveys. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. 2B3r and sig. 2B4v. [See more information about this map.]
- Blome, Richard. The Wards of Farington Within and Baynards Castle with its Divisions into Parishes, Taken from the Last Survey, with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. Q2r and sig. Q3v. [See more information about this map.]
- The City of London as in Q. Elizabeth’s Time. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Frontispiece.
- A Map of the Tower Liberty. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H4v and sig. I1r. [See more information about this map.]
- A New Plan of the City of London, Westminster and Southwark. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Frontispiece.
- Pearl, Valerie. Introduction. A Survey of London. By John Stow. Ed. H.B. Wheatley. London: Everyman’s Library, 1987. v–xii. Print.
- Pullen, John. A Map of the Parish of St Mary Rotherhith. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 2. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. Z3r and sig. Z4r. [See more information about this map.]
- Stow, John. The abridgement of the English Chronicle, first collected by M. Iohn Stow, and after him augmented with very many memorable antiquities, and continued with matters forreine and domesticall, vnto the beginning of the yeare, 1618. by E.H. Gentleman. London, Edward Allde and Nicholas Okes, 1618. STC 23332.
- Stow, John. The annales of England Faithfully collected out of the most autenticall authors, records, and other monuments of antiquitie, lately collected, since encreased, and continued, from the first habitation vntill this present yeare 1605. London: Peter Short, Felix Kingston, and George Eld, 1605. STC 23337.
- Stow, John, Anthony Munday, and Henry Holland. THE SVRVAY of LONDON: Containing, The Originall, Antiquitie, Encrease, and more Moderne Estate of the sayd Famous Citie. As also, the Rule and Gouernment thereof (both Ecclesiasticall and Temporall) from time to time. With a briefe Relation of all the memorable Monuments, and other especiall Obseruations, both in and about the same CITIE. Written in the yeere 1598. by Iohn Stow, Citizen of London. Since then, continued, corrected and much enlarged, with many rare and worthy Notes, both of Venerable Antiquity, and later memorie; such, as were neuer published before this present yeere 1618. London: George Purslowe, 1618. STC 23344. Yale University Library copy.
- Stow, John, Anthony Munday, and Humphrey Dyson. THE SURVEY OF LONDON: CONTAINING The Original, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of that City, Methodically set down. With a Memorial of those famouser Acts of Charity, which for publick and Pious Vses have been bestowed by many Worshipfull Citizens and Benefactors. As also all the Ancient and Modern Monuments erected in the Churches, not only of those two famous Cities, LONDON and WESTMINSTER, but (now newly added) Four miles compass. Begun first by the pains and industry of John Stow, in the year 1598. Afterwards inlarged by the care and diligence of A.M. in the year 1618. And now compleatly finished by the study &labour of A.M., H.D. and others, this present year 1633. Whereunto, besides many Additions (as appears by the Contents) are annexed divers Alphabetical Tables, especially two, The first, an index of Things. The second, a Concordance of Names. London: Printed for Nicholas Bourne, 1633. STC 23345.5.
- Stow, John. The chronicles of England from Brute vnto this present yeare of Christ. 1580. Collected by Iohn Stow citizen of London. London, 1580.
- Stow, John. A Summarie of the Chronicles of England. Diligently Collected, Abridged, & Continued vnto this Present Yeere of Christ, 1598. London: Imprinted by Richard Bradocke, 1598.
- Stow, John. A suruay of London· Conteyning the originall, antiquity, increase, moderne estate, and description of that city, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow citizen of London. Since by the same author increased, with diuers rare notes of antiquity, and published in the yeare, 1603. Also an apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that citie, the greatnesse thereof. VVith an appendix, contayning in Latine Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. London: John Windet, 1603. STC 23343. U of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign Campus) copy.
- Stow, John, The survey of London contayning the originall, increase, moderne estate, and government of that city, methodically set downe. With a memoriall of those famouser acts of charity, which for publicke and pious vses have beene bestowed by many worshipfull citizens and benefactors. As also all the ancient and moderne monuments erected in the churches, not onely of those two famous cities, London and Westminster, but (now newly added) foure miles compasse. Begunne first by the paines and industry of Iohn Stovv, in the yeere 1598. Afterwards inlarged by the care and diligence of A.M. in the yeere 1618. And now completely finished by the study and labour of A.M. H.D. and others, this present yeere 1633. Whereunto, besides many additions (as appeares by the contents) are annexed divers alphabeticall tables; especially two: the first, an index of things. The second, a concordance of names. London: Printed by Elizabeth Purslovv for Nicholas Bourne, 1633. STC 23345. U of Victoria copy.
- Stow, John, The survey of London contayning the originall, increase, moderne estate, and government of that city, methodically set downe. With a memoriall of those famouser acts of charity, which for publicke and pious vses have beene bestowed by many worshipfull citizens and benefactors. As also all the ancient and moderne monuments erected in the churches, not onely of those two famous cities, London and Westminster, but (now newly added) foure miles compasse. Begunne first by the paines and industry of Iohn Stovv, in the yeere 1598. Afterwards inlarged by the care and diligence of A.M. in the yeere 1618. And now completely finished by the study and labour of A.M. H.D. and others, this present yeere 1633. Whereunto, besides many additions (as appeares by the contents) are annexed divers alphabeticall tables; especially two: the first, an index of things. The second, a concordance of names. London: Printed by Elizabeth Purslovv [i.e., Purslow] for Nicholas Bourne, 1633. STC 23345.
- Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. Remediated by British History Online. [Kingsford edition, courtesy of The Centre for Metropolitan History. Articles written after 2011 cite from this searchable transcription.]
- Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. See also the digital transcription of this edition at British History Online.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ &nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. 23341. Transcribed by EEBO-TCP.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ &nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Folger Shakespeare Library.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ &nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. London: John Windet for John Wolfe, 1598. STC 23341.
- Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Coteyning the Originall, Antiquity, Increaſe, Moderne eſtate, and deſcription of that City, written in the yeare 1598, by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Since by the ſame Author increaſed with diuers rare notes of Antiquity, and publiſhed in the yeare, 1603. Alſo an Apologie (or defence) againſt the opinion of ſome men, concerning that Citie, the greatneſſe thereof. With an Appendix, contayning in Latine Libellum de ſitu & nobilitae Londini: Writen by William Fitzſtephen, in the raigne of Henry the ſecond. London: John Windet, 1603. U of Victoria copy. Print.
- Strype, John, John Stow, Anthony Munday, and Humphrey Dyson. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 2. London, 1720. Remediated by The Making of the Modern World.
- Strype, John, John Stow. A SURVEY OF THE CITIES OF LONDON and WESTMINSTER, And the Borough of SOUTHWARK. CONTAINING The Original, Antiquity, Increase, present State and Government of those CITIES. Written at first in the Year 1698, By John Stow, Citizen and Native of London. Corrected, Improved, and very much Enlarged, in the Year 1720, By JOHN STRYPE, M.A. A NATIVE ALSO OF THE SAID CITY. The Survey and History brought down to the present Time BY CAREFUL HANDS. Illustrated with exact Maps of the City and Suburbs, and of all the Wards; and, likewise, of the Out-Parishes of London and Westminster, and the Country ten Miles round London. Together with many fair Draughts of the most Eminent Buildings. The Life of the Author, written by Mr. Strype, is prefixed; And, at the End is added, an APPENDIX Of certain Tracts, Discourses, and Remarks on the State of the City of London. 6th ed. 2 vols. London: Printed for W. Innys and J. Richardson, J. and P. Knapton, and S. Birt, R. Ware, T. and T. Longman, and seven others, 1754–1755. ESTC T150145.
- Strype, John, John Stow. A survey of the cities of London and Westminster: containing the original, antiquity, increase, modern estate and government of those cities. Written at first in the year MDXCVIII. By John Stow, citizen and native of London. Since reprinted and augmented by A.M. H.D. and other. Now lastly, corrected, improved, and very much enlarged: and the survey and history brought down from the year 1633, (being near fourscore years since it was last printed) to the present time; by John Strype, M.A. a native also of the said city. Illustrated with exact maps of the city and suburbs, and of all the wards; and likewise of the out-parishes of London and Westminster: together with many other fair draughts of the more eminent and publick edifices and monuments. In six books. To which is prefixed, the life of the author, writ by the editor. At the end is added, an appendiz of certain tracts, discourses and remarks, concerning the state of the city of London. Together with a perambulation, or circuit-walk four or five miles round about London, to the parish churches: describing the monuments of the dead there interred: with other antiquities observable in those places. And concluding with a second appendix, as a supply and review: and a large index of the whole work. 2 vols. London : Printed for A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. ESTC T48975.
- The Tower and St. Catherins Taken from the Last Survey with Corrections. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster: Containing the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Government of those Cities. By John Stow and John Strype. Vol. 1. London: A. Churchill, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Walthoe, E. Horne, B. Tooke, D. Midwinter, B. Cowse, R. Robinson, and T. Ward, 1720. Insert between sig. H4v and sig. I1r. [See more information about this map.]
- Wheatley, Henry Benjamin. Introduction. A Survey of London. 1603. By John Stow. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1912. Print.
William I

William This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England the Conqueror

(b. between 1027 and 1028, d. 1087)

King of England 1066-1087. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William I is mentioned in the following documents:
William II

William King of England Rufus This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II

(b. 1060, d. 1100)

King of England 1087-1100.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William II is mentioned in the following documents:
John Windet

(fl. 1584-1611)

Printer.
- BBTI
- Wikipedia
John Windet is mentioned in the following documents:
John Wolfe

(b. in or before 1548, d. 1601)

Bookseller and printer. Husband of Alice Wolfe.
- MoEML
- BBTI
- ODNB
John Wolfe is mentioned in the following documents:
Richard of York

Richard

(b. 1411, d. 1460)

Third Duke of York. Father of Richard III.
- EB
- ODNB
Richard of York is mentioned in the following documents:
Acliuillus

Constable of the Tower of London.
Acliuillus is mentioned in the following documents:
Anne of Bohemia

Anne Queen consort of England

(b. 1366, d. 1394)

Queen consort of England 1382-1394. Wife of Richard II. Daughter of Charles IV of Bohemia. Sister of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Anne of Bohemia is mentioned in the following documents:
Julius Caesar

(b. 100 BCE, d. 44 BCE)

Politician and military commander of the Roman empire.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Julius Caesar is mentioned in the following documents:
Eustace de Fauconberg

Eustace de Fauconberg Bishop of London

(b. 1170, d. 31 October 1228)

Lord High Treasurer 1217-1228. Bishop of London 1221-1226.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Eustace de Fauconberg is mentioned in the following documents:
Hugh fitz-Otho

Constable of the Tower of London. Possibly the same person as Hugh fitz-Otho.
Hugh fitz-Otho is mentioned in the following documents:
Othowerus

Constable of the Tower of London.
Othowerus is mentioned in the following documents:
John Reynwell

John Reynwell Sheriff Mayor

Sheriff of London 1411-1412. Mayor 1426-1427. Member of the Stock Fishmongers’ Company. Son of William Reynwell. Buried at St. Botolph, Billingsgate.
- MASL
- Wikipedia
John Reynwell is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir John Shaa

Sir John Shaa Sheriff Mayor

(d. 1503)

Sheriff of London 1496-1497. Mayor 1501-1502. Member of the Goldsmiths’ Company. Son of Sir Edmund Shaw.
- MASL
- Wikipedia
Sir John Shaa is mentioned in the following documents:
Thomas Walsingham

(d. 1457)

Member of the Vintners’ Company. Member of Parliament. Buried at St. Katherine’s Hospital.
- HPO
Thomas Walsingham is mentioned in the following documents:
Wat Tyler

(d. 1381)

Leader of the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Wat Tyler is mentioned in the following documents:
William Hastings

Master of the Mint. Lord Chamberlain 1461-1483.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William Hastings is mentioned in the following documents:
Matthew Paris

(b. 1200, d. 1259)

Historian and Benedictine monk.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Matthew Paris is mentioned in the following documents:
Hubert de Burgh

(b. 1170, d. May 1243)

First Earl of Kent. Justiciar for Henry II. Buried at Blackfriars Monastery.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Hubert de Burgh is mentioned in the following documents:
Edward V

Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 5V King of England

(b. 2 November 1470, d. 1483)

King of England and Lord of Ireland 1483.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward V is mentioned in the following documents:
William of Malmesbury

William

(b. 1090, d. in or after 1142)

Historian.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William of Malmesbury is mentioned in the following documents:
Æthelred

Æthelred Lord of the Mercians

(d. 911)

Lord of the Mercians 881-911. Son-in-law of Alfred the Great.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Æthelred is mentioned in the following documents:
Roger of Wendover

Roger

(d. 1236)

Chronicler.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Roger of Wendover is mentioned in the following documents:
Geoffrey de Mandeville

Geoffrey de Mandeville Sheriff

(d. 26 September 1144)

First Earl of Essex. Portgrave of London during the reign of Stephen I. Husband of Athelaise de Mandeville. Son of William de Mandeville. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
Geoffrey de Mandeville is mentioned in the following documents:
Matilda

Empress Matilda Queen of England

(b. 1102, d. 1167)

Contested Queen of England 1141-1148. Key figure during The Anarchy, a civil war in England and Normandy from 1135-1153.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Matilda is mentioned in the following documents:
Edmund of Hadenham

Edmund

(fl. 1300-07)

Monk of Rochester.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edmund of Hadenham is mentioned in the following documents:
Gundulf of Rochester

Gundulf Bishop of Rochester

(b. between 1023 and 1024, d. 1108)

Norman monk.Bishop of Rochester 1075-1108.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Gundulf of Rochester is mentioned in the following documents:
William fitz-Osbert

(d. 1196)

Populist leader of an uprising in 1196.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
William fitz-Osbert is mentioned in the following documents:
Giles of Andwarp

Giles

Received 200 markes from Edward I’s treasury for the purpose of rebuilding Tower Ditch.
Giles of Andwarp is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Constantine fitz-Aelulfe

Constantine fitz-Aelulfe Sheriff

Sheriff of London 1197-1198. Hanged in 1222.
- MASL
Constantine fitz-Aelulfe is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Falkes de Breauté

Soldier. Earned high office by loyally serving John I and Henry III in the First Barons’ War.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Sir Falkes de Breauté is mentioned in the following documents:
Griffith of Wales

Griffith

(d. 1244)

Son of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Died in an attempt to escape the Tower of London in 1244.
Griffith of Wales is mentioned in the following documents:
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd the Last

(d. 11 December 1282)

Prince of Wales 1246-1282. Father of Griffith of Wales. Beheaded by Roger Lestrange in 1282.
- Wikipedia
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd is mentioned in the following documents:
Mr. Othon

Othon

Constable of the Tower of London in 1265.
Mr. Othon is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Roger Lestrange

Beheaded Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282.
Roger Lestrange is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Roger Mortimer

(d. 1330)

First Earl of March. Executed in 1330. Buried at Greyfriars.
- EB
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Sir Roger Mortimer is mentioned in the following documents:
Roger Mortimer de Chirk

Soldier and nobleman. Uncle of Sir Roger Mortimer.
Roger Mortimer de Chirk is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Percivall de Porte

Master of the coin under Edward III.
Percivall de Porte is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Burgred of Mercia

Burgred King of Mercia

King of Mercia 852-874.
- Wikipedia
Burgred of Mercia is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Edward the Elder

Edward the Elder King of the Anglo-Saxons

King of the Anglo-Saxons 899-924.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Edward the Elder is mentioned in the following documents:
Plegmond

Plegemund Archbishop of Canterbury

Archbishop of Canterbury 890-914.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Plegmond is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Robert de Beaumont

Fourth Earl of Leicester.
- Wikipedia
Robert de Beaumont is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Numa Pompilius

Numa Pompilius King of Rome

King of Rome 715–673 BC.
- Wikipedia
Numa Pompilius is mentioned in the following documents:
William Edington

William Edington Bishop of Winchester Archbishop-elect of Canterbury

Lord High Treasurer 1344-1356. Lord Chancellor of England 1356–1363. Bishop of Winchester 1345–1366. Archbishop-elect of Canterbury 1366.
- Wikipedia
William Edington is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Simon Sudbery

Simon Sudbery Tibald Bishop of London Archbishop of Canterbury

Lord Chancellor of England 1380–1381. Bishop of London 1361–1375. Archbishop of Canterbury 1375–1381. Executed on Tower Hill by the rebels of Kent. Son of Nicholas Tibald.
- Wikipedia
Simon Sudbery is mentioned in the following documents:
Robart Hales

Prior of St. John’s of Jerusalem. Lord High Treasurer 1381. Executed on Tower Hill by the rebels of Kent.
- Wikipedia
Robart Hales is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
William Appleton

Knight. Friar and Confessor of Richard II. Beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels of Kent. Buried at Christ Church.
William Appleton is mentioned in the following documents:
John Legge

King’s Sergeant for Richard II. Beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels of Kent.
John Legge is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Sir John Oldcastle

Sir John Oldecastle

(d. 1417)

Baron Cobham. After being convicted of heresy and imprisoned for his Lollard support, Oldcastle escaped from the Tower of London and led a Lollard rebellion. After spending three years as an outlaw, he was captured, charged with treason, and executed. As the basis of Shakespeare’s popular Falstaff character, Sir John Oldcastle and his legacy are of particular interest to Shakespeare scholars.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Sir John Oldcastle is mentioned in the following documents:
Mr. Whitlooke

Whitlooke

Prisoner. Escaped the Tower of London in 1414.
Mr. Whitlooke is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Mr. Randulph

Randulph

(d. 1419)

Friar. Sent to the Tower of London. Executed in 1419.
Mr. Randulph is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Catherine Howard

Catherine Howard Queen consort of England

Queen consort of England 1540-1541. Fifth wife of Henry VIII. Executed on grounds of treason.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Catherine Howard is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir John Langley

Sir John Langely Sheriff Mayor

Sheriff of London 1566-1567. Mayor 1576-1577. Member of the Goldsmiths’ Company. Buried at Chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, Guildhall.
- MASL
Sir John Langley is mentioned in the following documents:
Thomas Neville

Thomas Neville the Bastard Bastard of Fauconberg

(b. 1429, d. 22 September 1471)

Naval commander. Rebel. Received freedom from the City of London in 1454 to eliminate pirates from the Channel and North Sea. Not to be confused with Thomas Neville or Thomas Neville.
- Wikipedia
- ODNB
Thomas Neville is mentioned in the following documents:
Gervase of Tilbury

Gervase

Lawyer, statesmen, and writer.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Gervase of Tilbury is mentioned in the following documents:
Lord Robert Fitzwalter

(b. 1247, d. 18 January 1326)

First Lord Fitzwalter. Husband of Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter. Son of Sir Walter Fitzwalter. Father of Walter Fitzwalter and Sir Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Lord Robert Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Geoffrey Baynard

Son of Ralph Baynard. Builder of Baynard’s Castle.
- Wikipedia
Geoffrey Baynard is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Robert fitz Richard

(d. 1134)

Inherited Baynard’s Castle from Henry I. Husband of Maude de Senlis. Son of Richard de Clare. Father of Walter fitz Robert. See related ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter.
Robert fitz Richard is mentioned in the following documents:
Gilbert de Clare

Count of Brionne and Eu. Father of Richard de Clare.
Gilbert de Clare is mentioned in the following documents:
Maud de Senlis

Lady of Bradham. Wife of Robert fitz Richard. See related ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter.
Maud de Senlis is mentioned in the following documents:
Walter fitz Robert

Husband of Matilda de Bocham and Matilda fitz Robert. Son of Robert fitz Richard. Father of Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter.
- Wikipedia
Walter fitz Robert is mentioned in the following documents:
Matilde fitz Robert (née de Lucy)

Matilda fitz Robert

Wife of Walter fitz Robert. Daughter of Richard de Lucy. Mother of Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter.
Matilde fitz Robert (née de Lucy) is mentioned in the following documents:
Matilda de Mandeville (née Fitzwalter)

Matilda de Mandeville the Faire

Wife of Geoffrey de Mandeville. Daughter of Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter and Wikipedia entry for Geoffrey de Mandeville.
Matilda de Mandeville (née Fitzwalter) is mentioned in the following documents:
Walter Fitzwalter

(d. in or before 1326)

Son of Lord Robert Fitzwalter and his first wife (not mentioned in Stow). Brother of Sir Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
Walter Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Walter Fitzwalter

Sir Walter Fitzwalter fitz Robert

(d. 1258)

Son of Robert Fitzwalter. Father of Lord Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
Sir Walter Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Robert Fitzwalter

(b. 1297, d. 1328)

Son and heir of Lord Robert Fitzwalter and Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter. Father of Lord John Fitzwalter. Brother of Walter Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
Sir Robert Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Lord John Fitzwalter

Second Lord Fitzwalter. Son of Sir Robert Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
Lord John Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter (née de Ferrers)

Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter

Wife of Lord Robert Fitzwalter. Daughter of Robert de Ferrers. Mother of Sir Robert Fitzwalter.
Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter (née de Ferrers) is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir John le Blund

Sir John le Blund Mayor

Mayor of London 1301-1308. Buried at St. Magnus.
- MASL
- ODNB
Sir John le Blund is mentioned in the following documents:
Richard of Shrewsbury

Richard

Duke of York. Son of Edward IV. Brother of Edward V. Mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III seized the throne in 1483.
Richard of Shrewsbury is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
William Mountfiquit

Baron of Mountfitchet. First builder of Montfichet’s Tower.
William Mountfiquit is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Richard Montfiquit

Resident of Montfichet’s Tower. Exiled by John I.
Richard Montfiquit is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Robert Kilwardby

Robert Kilwardby Archbishop of Canterbury

Archbishop of Canterbury 1273–1278. Began the foundations for the Blackfriars Monastery.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Robert Kilwardby is mentioned in the following documents:
St. Michael

Saint Michael

Archangel in the Bible.
- EB
- Wikipedia
St. Michael is mentioned in the following documents:
Gilbert de Clare

(b. 1243, d. 1295)

Sixth Earl of Hertford, Seventh Earl of Gloucester, Ninth Lord of Glamorgan, and Ninth Lord of ClareNoble.
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Gilbert de Clare is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Robert Efforde

Earl of Suffolke.
Robert Efforde is mentioned in the following documents:
Jean Froissart

(b. 1337, d. 1404)

Historian and poet.
- ODNB
Jean Froissart is mentioned in the following documents:
Walter Fitzwalter

(b. 1345, d. 1386)

Third Baron Fitzwalter. Persuaded citizens of London to free John Prendergast. Husband of Philippa de Mohun. Son of Lord John Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family.
Walter Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Gregory de Rokesley

Gregory de Rokesley Sheriff Mayor

(fl. 1274-84d. 1291)

Sheriff of London 1263-1264 and 1270-1271. Mayor 1274-1281 and 1284-1285. Possible member of the Goldsmiths’ Company. Lord Chief Justice of the Court of the King’s Bench. Financier of Greyfriars. Buried at Christ Church.
- MASL
- ODNB
- Wikipedia
Gregory de Rokesley is mentioned in the following documents:
Robert Fitzwalter

(d. 9 December 1235)

One of the leaders of the opposition to John I during the First Baron’s War. An owner of Baynard’s Castle. Son of Walter fitz Robert and Matilda fitz Robert. Father of Sir Walter Fitzwalter and Matilda de Mandeville.
- ODNB
Robert Fitzwalter is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir John de Gisors

Sir John de Gisors Mayor

Mayor of London 1311-1315. Member of the Pepperers’ Company.
- MASL
Sir John de Gisors is mentioned in the following documents:
Mr. Edmere

Edmere

Citizen of London. Housed Gundulf of Rochester during the building of the Tower of London.
Mr. Edmere is mentioned in the following documents:
- Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles
- Survey of London (1633): Towers and Castles
Richard de Clare

Richard de Clare fitz Gilbert

(b. in or after 1030, d. in or before 1090)

Founder of the baronial family of Clare. Son of Gilbert de Clare. Father of Robert fitz Richard.
- ODNB
Richard de Clare is mentioned in the following documents:
Robert de Ferrers

Earl of Derby. Father of Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter. See related ODNB entry for the Fitzwalter family for relationship to Lady Eleanor Fitzwalter.
- ODNB
Robert de Ferrers is mentioned in the following documents:
Matilde de Bocham

Wife of Walter fitz Robert.
Matilde de Bocham is mentioned in the following documents:

Locations

London

The city of London, not to be confused with the allegorical character (London).
London is mentioned in the following documents:
Tower of London
Tower of London is mentioned in the following documents:
The Thames

Perhaps more than any other geophysical feature, the Thames river has directly affected London’s growth and rise to prominence; historically, the city’s economic, political, and military importance was dependent on its riverine location. As a tidal river, connected to the North Sea, the Thames allowed for transportation to and from the outside world; and, as the longest river in England, bordering on nine counties, it linked London to the country’s interior. Indeed, without the Thames, London would not exist as one of Europe’s most influential cities. The Thames, however, is notable for its dichotomous nature: it is both a natural phenomenon and a cultural construct; it lives in geological time but has been the measure of human history; and the city was built around the river, but the river has been reshaped by the city and its inhabitants.
The Thames is mentioned in the following documents:
White Tower
White Tower is mentioned in the following documents:
Holy Trinity Priory

Holy Trinity Priory, located west of Aldgate and north of Leadenhall Street, was an Augustinian Priory. Stow notes that Queen Matilda established the Priory in 1108 in the parishes of Saint Marie Magdalen, S. Michael, S. Katherine, and the blessed Trinitie, which now was made but one Parish of the holy Trinitie (Stow). Before Matilda united these parishes under the name Holy Trinity Priory, they were collectively known as the Holy Cross or Holy Roode parish (Stow; Harben).
Holy Trinity Priory is mentioned in the following documents:
Aldgate

Aldgate was the easternmost gate into the walled city. The name Aldgate is thought to come from one of four sources: Æst geat meaning Eastern gate (Ekwall 36), Alegate from the Old English ealu meaning ale, Aelgate from the Saxon meaning public gate or open to all, or Aeldgate meaning old gate (Bebbington 20–21).
Aldgate is mentioned in the following documents:
East Smithfield

East Smithfield is a district located east of the City of London and northeast of the Tower of London. Its name derives from smoothfield , with the prefix east helping to differentiate it from the Smithfield northwest of Cripplegate (Harben). As time progressed, it transformed from what Stow describes as a plot of ground with very few houses into a densely populated area by the mid-seventeenth century (Stow; Harben).
East Smithfield is mentioned in the following documents:
St. Alban (Wood Street)
St. Alban (Wood Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
Tower Ditch

The Tower Ditch, or Tower Moat, was part of the Tower of London’s medieval defences. It was built by the Bishop of Ely William de Longchamp while Richard I was crusading in the Holy Land (1187-1192) (Harben). The ditch was used as a dumping ground for plague victim corpses, human waste from the Tower, and meat carcasses from East Smithfield market.
Tower Ditch is mentioned in the following documents:
St. Katherine’s Hospital

St. Katherine’s Hospital was a religious hospital founded in 1148. According to Stow, the hospital was founded by Queen Matilda. The hospital, the grounds of which contained a church, gardens, orchards, and residences, was at the southern end of St. Katherine’s Lane and north of the St. Katherine Steps, all of which is east of the Tower of London. Stow praised the choir of the hospital, noting how it was not much inferior to that of [St.] Paules [Cathedral] (Stow).
St. Katherine’s Hospital is mentioned in the following documents:
The Elms (Smithfield)

Located between Horsepool and the Fleet River, the Elms, as Stow notes, was a place of execution named after the once flourishing number of elm trees on site. Stow refers to the area as Le elmes or le two elmys. By Stow’s lifetime the expansion of London meant the namesake trees had been cut down.
The Elms (Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
Westminster Abbey

Westminster Abbey was and continues to be a historically significant church. One of its many notable features is Poets’ Corner. Located in the south transept of the church, it is the final resting place of Geoffrey Chaucer, Ben Jonson, Francis Beaumont, and many other notable authors; in 1740, a monument for William Shakespeare was erected in Westminster Abbey (ShaLT). The church is located on the bottom-left corner of the Agas map.
Westminster Abbey is mentioned in the following documents:
Newgate

The gaol at Newgate, a western gate in the Roman Wall of London, was constructed in the twelfth century specifically to detain fellons and trespassors awaiting trial by royal judges (Durston 470; O’Donnell 25; Stow 1598, sig. C8r). The gradual centralisation of the English criminal justice system meant that by the reign of Elizabeth I, Newgate had become London’s most populated gaol. In the early modern period, incarceration was rarely conceived of as a punishment in itself; rather, gaols like Newgate were more like holding cells, where inmates spent time until their trials or punishments were effected, or their debts were paid off.
Newgate is mentioned in the following documents:
Gutter Lane

Gutter Lane ran north-south from Cheapside to Maiden Lane (Wood Street). It is to the west of Wood Street and to the east of Foster Lane, lying within the north-eastern most area of Farringdon Ward Within and serving as a boundary to Aldersgate ward. It is labelled as Goutter Lane on the Agas map.
Gutter Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
King’s Exchange
King’s Exchange is mentioned in the following documents:
St. Paul’s Cathedral

St. Paul’s Cathedral was—and remains—an important church in London. In 962, while London was occupied by the Danes, St. Paul’s monastery was burnt and raised anew. The church survived the Norman conquest of 1066, but in 1087 it was burnt again. An ambitious Bishop named Maurice took the opportunity to build a new St. Paul’s, even petitioning the king to offer a piece of land belonging to one of his castles (Times 115). The building Maurice initiated would become the cathedral of St. Paul’s which survived until the Great Fire of London.
St. Paul’s Cathedral is mentioned in the following documents:
St. John’s of Jerusalem

St. John’s of Jerusalem provided housing and care for pilgrims and crusading knights. It was held by the Knights Hospitallers and dissolved in the reign of Henry VIII (Stow 1598, sig. 2D7r).
St. John’s of Jerusalem is mentioned in the following documents:
Tower Hill

Tower Hill was a large area of open ground north and west of the Tower of London. It is most famous as a place of execution; there was a permanent scaffold and gallows on the hill for the execution of such Traytors or Transgressors, as are deliuered out of the Tower, or otherwise to the Shiriffes of London (Stow).
Tower Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
Westminster Hall

Westminster Hall is the only surviving part of the original Palace of Westminster (Weinreb and Hibbert 1011) and is located on the west side of the Thames. It is located on the bottom left-hand corner of the Agas map, and is labelled as Weſtmynſter hall. Originally built as an extension to Edward the Confessor’s palace in 1097, the hall served as the setting for banquets through the reigns of many kings.
Westminster Hall is mentioned in the following documents:
London Bridge

As the only bridge in London crossing the Thames until 1729, London Bridge was a focal point of the city. After its conversion from wood to stone, completed in 1209, the bridge housed a variety of structures, including a chapel and a growing number of shops. The bridge was famous for the cityʼs grisly practice of displaying traitorsʼ heads on poles above its gatehouses. Despite burning down multiple times, London Bridge was one of the few structures not entirely destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.
London Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
Southwark
Southwark is mentioned in the following documents:
Baynard’s Castle

Located on the banks of the Thames, Baynard’s Castle was built sometime in the late eleventh century by Baynard, a Norman who came over with William the Conqueror (Weinreb and Hibbert 129). The castle passed to Baynard’s heirs until one William Baynard, who by forfeyture for fellonie, lost his Baronie of little Dunmow (Stow 1:61). From the time it was built, Baynard’s Castle was the headquarters of London’s army until the reign of Edward I when it was handed over to the Dominican Friars, the Blackfriars whose name is still commemorated along that part of the waterfront (Hibbert 10).
Baynard’s Castle is mentioned in the following documents:
PLACEHOLDER LOCATION

PLACEHOLDER LOCATION ITEM. The purpose of this item is to allow encoders to link to a location item when they cannot add a new location file for some reason. MoEML may still be seeking information regarding this entry. If you have information to contribute, please contact the MoEML team.
PLACEHOLDER LOCATION is mentioned in the following documents:
Guildhall
Guildhall is mentioned in the following documents:
Bishop’s Palace

Bishop’s Palace was located on the north-west side of St. Paul’s Church. It was bordered on the north by Paternoster Row and on the west by Ave Maria Lane. Agas coordinates are based on coordinates provided by Harben and supplemented by Stow.
Bishop’s Palace is mentioned in the following documents:
Montfichet’s Tower

Montfichet’s Tower was a fortress on Ludgate Hill in London.
Montfichet’s Tower is mentioned in the following documents:
Blackfriars Monastery
Blackfriars Monastery is mentioned in the following documents:
St. Bride
St. Bride is mentioned in the following documents:
Bridewell

Bridewell was a prison and hospital. The site was originally a royal palace (Bridewell Palace) but was transferred to the City of London in 1553, when it was converted to function as an orphanage and house of correction. Bridewell is located on the Agas map at the corner of the Thames and Fleet Ditch, labelled as Bride Well.
Bridewell is mentioned in the following documents:
Fleet Street

Fleet Street runs east-west from Temple Bar to Fleet Hill or Ludgate Hill, and is named for the Fleet River. The road has existed since at least the twelfth century (Sugden 195) and known since the fourteenth century as Fleet Street (Beresford 26). It was the location of numerous taverns including the Mitre and the Star and the Ram.
Fleet Street is mentioned in the following documents:
Redcross Street
Redcross Street is mentioned in the following documents:
Barbican Tower

Barbican Tower was a watchtower or barbican to the northeast of the London Wall. According to Stow, Henry III ordered the tower’s demolition in 1267 in response to the Second Barons’ War (Stow 1598, sig. E2v), though Harben suggests that the tower was later rebuilt (Harben). The site was granted to Robert Efforde in 1336 and became Barbican Manor (Stow 1598, sig. E2v).
Barbican Tower is mentioned in the following documents:
City Ditch

The city ditch was part of London’s medieval defence system that ran along the outside of the wall from the Tower to Fleet River. According to Stow, the ditch was referred to as Houndsditch because much filth (conveyed forth of the Citie) especially dead dogs, were there laid or cast (Stow 1633, sig. M1v). The ditch was filled in and covered with garden plots by the time of Stow’s 1598 Survey.
City Ditch is mentioned in the following documents:
Barbican

Barbican was a historically significant street that ran east-west, connecting Aldersgate Street in the west with Redcross Street and Golden Lane in the east. Barbican was more then halfe contained by Cripplegate Ward, with the rest lying within Aldersgate Ward (Stow 1:291). The street is labeled on the Agas map as Barbican.
Barbican is mentioned in the following documents:
Parish of St. Giles (Cripplegate)
Parish of St. Giles (Cripplegate) is mentioned in the following documents:
Tower Royal
Tower Royal is mentioned in the following documents:
Parish of St. Michael Paternoster Royal
Parish of St. Michael Paternoster Royal is mentioned in the following documents:
Vintry Ward

Vintry Ward is west of Dowgate Ward. The ward is named after the Vintners’ Company and the Vintry, a part of the banks of the Riuer of Thames within Vintry Ward used by the merchants of Bordeaux for the transporting and selling of their wines (Stow 1603).
Vintry Ward is mentioned in the following documents:

Notes

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Personography

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