Whitehall Stairs
¶Introduction
Whitehall Stairs was a historically significant site, providing access to the Thames from Whitehall Palace. While the stairs are not labelled on the Agas map, they were a part of everyday
life in London. Few mentions of the Whitehall Stairs can be found in early modern literature; however, they are memorialized in a number
of accounts of life in London, from legal records to personal diaries.
¶Royalty
The Whitehall Stairs were not the only stairs leading to the Thames near Whitehall Palace. According to Cox and Norman,
from the beginning there were two sets of river stairs at Whitehall, the public Whitehall Stairs, and the Privy Stairs(Cox and Norman). As to why there were two sets of stairs, there may have been a public thoroughfare next to York Place, with a public landing on the Thames. If this public thoroughfare existed, then
public rights had to be considered even by Henry VIIIwhen he acquired York Place and transformed it and the surrounding area into the Palace of Whitehall (Cox and Norman). Accordingly, the Privy Stairs were for the private use of the royals and favoured nobles dwelling at Whitehall, while Whitehall Stairs were intended for public use.
Nevertheless, royalty did on occasion use the public Whitehall Stairs. Queen Elizabeth was known to use the stairs during royal processions on the river.1 Other royals used Whitehall Stairs for matters of state. The record keeper for the corporation of Rye discusses plans
for the coronation of King James I and Queen Anne, noting that
The King and Queen would be crowned on the 25th of this month [July], and that two canopies were in making, yet the coronation would be private and their Majesties would take barge at Whitehall staires Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents. (CS)[…] and thence be landed at the Parliament house stairs, where the canopies should be ready to receive them(
The Corporation of Rye). Peter Heylyn mentions that the stairs were also used to receive foreign ambassadors,
who if they came to London by Water, were met at Gravesent by the Lord Mayor, the Aldermen, and Companies in their severall Barges, and in that solemn sort conducted unto White Hall stairs(Heylyn 109).
¶Literary References
Brief references to Whitehall Stairs occur often in early modern texts. Anna Trapnel, a prophetess in England mentions the Whitehall Stairs in Anna Trapnel’s Report and Plea. Trapnel recounts her travels to Cornwall, where she was arrested and taken before the magistrates
for disturbing the peace. When she began this ill-fated journey, she and her traveling
companions
went by water from Southwark to White-Hall-stairs, where [she] landed, and went to the Inne where [they] took Coach; and many friends came to bid [them] farewell(Trapnel 7). Trapnel escaped conviction, but she did not indicate whether or not she returned by the same stairs. In
Timothy Touchstone’s Reply to Sir Anonymous,Timothy Touchstone, a pen name, reports that a man
at Two of the Clock in the Afternoon that day took Water from Whitehall Stairs with himupon the request of a brewer (Touchstone 2). This reference suggests that Whitehall Stairs was a popular place from which to draw water, particularly for breweries. In the penny pamphlet
The Character of Those Two Protestants in Masquerade: Heraclitus and the Observator,an anonymous writer ridicules the genre of the penny pamphlet, writing,
Take but a Pair of Oars from Black-friars to Whitehall Stairs, and the Academy will furnish you with as much Matter as will complete a dozen of these Pamphlets, with a great deal of Applause after the Publication(
Heraclitus and the Observator). The author mocks the simple ideas and the silly gossip printed in penny pamphlets, and the use of Blackfriars to Whitehall Stairs may signify that this was a common path on the river, upon which one would encounter many common people.2
¶The Fire and Beyond
Samuel Pepys regularly used Whitehall Stairs to access the Thames, often flagging Whitehall Stairs as a meeting place or point of departure. Pepys writes that he met with Lord Montagu and his retinue on 2 January 1661 to conduct business at
White Hall stairs(Pepys). On 4 May 1663, Pepys met his wife who
called [him] at Whitehall Stairs (where [he] went before by land to know whether there was any play at Court to-night)before he joined her for the evening (Pepys).3
As Pepys’ diary indicates, Whitehall Stairs survived the Great Fire of London in 1666. Pepys records a meeting with Sir W. Batten on 22 May 1667, six months after the fire, writing that they
saw at White Hall stairs a fisher-boat, with a sturgeon that he had newly catched in the River(Pepys). Whitehall Stairs remained an important riverside feature in London until the late 1860s, when it was demolished to make way for the Victorian Embankment.
Notes
- For more information about royal processions, see MoEML’s critical introduction to The Queen’s Majesty’s Passage. (TLG)↑
- For more information on gossip and gossips in early modern London, see
Gossip and Gossips.
(JT)↑ - To see a full list of tagged references to Whitehall Stairs in Pepys’ diary, see The Diary of Samuel Pepys’s encyclopedia article on Whitehall Stairs. (JT)↑
References
-
Citation
Cox, Montagu H. and Philip Norman, eds. St. Margaret, Westminster, Part II: Whitehall I. Vol. 13 of Survey of London. London: London County Council, 1930. Remediated by British History Online.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Heylyn, Peter. Observations on the Historie of The reign of King Charles. London: Printed for John Clarke, 1656. Wing H1727.This item is cited in the following documents:
-
.
Gossip and Gossips.
The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by , U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/GOSS1.htm. -
Citation
Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Daily Entries from the 17th Century London Diary. Dev. Phil Gyford. https://www.pepysdiary.com/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
The Character of Those Two Protestants in Masquerade: Heraclitus and the Observator.
London, 1681. Wing C2029.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
The Corporation of Rye: 1601–10.
The Manuscripts of Rye and Hereford Corporations, etc.: Thirteenth report, Appendix Part IV. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1892. 122–146. Remediated by British History Online.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Touchstone, Timothy.Timothy Touchstone’s Reply to Sir Anonymous.
London, 1679. Wing A3381.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Trapnell, Anna. Anna Trapnel’s report and plea, or, A narrative of her journey into Cornwal. London: Thomas Brewster, 1654. Wing T2033.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Whitehall Stairs.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by , U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/WHIT6.htm.
Chicago citation
Whitehall Stairs.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/WHIT6.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/WHIT6.htm.
2022. Whitehall Stairs. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, RefWorks, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Smith, Caitlin ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Whitehall Stairs T2 - The Map of Early Modern London ET - 7.0 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/05 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/WHIT6.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/WHIT6.xml ER -
TEI citation
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<date when="2022-05-05">05 May 2022</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/WHIT6.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/WHIT6.htm</ref>.</bibl>
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Elizabeth I
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Heylyn, Peter. Ecclesia restaurata, or, The history of the reformation of the Church of England containing the beginning, progress, and successes of it, the counsels by which it was conducted, the rules of piety and prudence upon which it was founded, the several steps by which it was promoted or retarded in the change of times, from the first preparations to it by King Henry the Eight untill the legal settling and establishment of it under Queen Elizabeth : together with the intermixture of such civil actions and affairs of state, as either were co-incident with it or related to it. London: H. Twyford, 1660. Wing H1701.
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Heylyn, Peter. Observations on the Historie of The reign of King Charles. London: Printed for John Clarke, 1656. Wing H1727.
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. Bird’s-eye Plan of the West Central District of London. 1660. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A Generall Map of the Whole Citty of London with Westminster & All the Suburbs, by Which May Bee Computed the Proportion of That Which Is Burnt, with the Other Parts Standing. London: John Overton, 1666. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. London. Antwerp: Cornelius Danckers, 1647. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus.
London.
Londinopolis; An Historicall Discourse or Perlustration of the City of London, the Imperial Chamber, and Chief Emporium of Great Britain: Whereunto is added another of the City of Westminster. By James Howell. London:J. Streater for Henry Twiford, George Sawbridge, Th and John Place, 1657, 1657. Insert between sig. A4v and sig. B1r. -
Hollar, Wenceslaus. A Map of Both Cities London and Westminster, Before the Fire. London, 1667. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A Map or Groundplot of the Citty of London and the Suburbes Thereof, That Is to Say, All Which Is within the Iurisdiction of the Lord Mayor or Properlie Calld’t London by Which Is Exactly Demonstrated the Present Condition Thereof, since the Last Sad Accident of Fire. The Blanke Space Signifeing the Burnt Part & Where the Houses Are Exprest, Those Places Yet Standing. London: John Overton, 1666. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A Map or Groundplott of the Citty of London, with the Suburbes Thereof so farr as the Lord Mayors Jurisdiction doeth Extend, by which is Exactly Demonstrated the Present Condition of it, since the Last Sad Accident of Fire, the Blanke Space Signifyng the Burnt Part, & where the House be those Places yet Standing. London: John Overton, 1666. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A New Map of the Citties of London Westminster & ye Borough of Southwarke with their Suburbs, Shewing ye Strets, Lanes, Allies, Courts etc. with Other Remarks, as they are now, Truly & Carefully Delineated. London: Robert Green and Robert Modern, 1675. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A New Mapp of the Cittyes of London and Westminster with the Borough of Southwark & all the Suburbs, Shewing the severall Streets, Lanes, Alleys and most of the Throwgh-faires Being a ready guide for all Strangers to find any place therein. London, 1685. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. Plan of the City and Liberties of London; Shewing the Extent of the Dreadful Conflagration in the Year 1666. 1666. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus.
Plate 3: Extract from map by Hollar, c.1658.
St. Giles-in-the-Fields, pt 1: Lincoln’s Inn Fields. Ed. W. Edward Riley and Sir Laurence Gomme. Survey of London. Vol. 3, London: London County Council, 1912. 3. Remediated by British History Online. -
Hollar, Wenceslaus. The Prospect of London and Westminster taken from Lambeth. 1647. [See more information about this map.]
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Hollar, Wenceslaus. A True and Exact Prospect of the Famous City of London from St. Marie Overs Steeple in Southwarke in Its Flourishing Condition before the Fire. Remediated by Folger Shakespeare Library.
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James VI and I
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James VI and I. Letters of King James VI and I. Ed. G.P.V. Akrigg. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Print.
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Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A New and Complete Transcription. Ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews. 11 vols. Berkeley : U of California P, 1970–1983.
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Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Daily Entries from the 17th Century London Diary. Dev. Phil Gyford. https://www.pepysdiary.com/.
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Pepys, Samuel. Diary of Samuel Pepys. Remediated by Project Gutenberg.
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Anne of Denmark
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Timothy Touchstone
Pseudonymous author ofTimothy Touchtoneʼs Reply to Sir Anonymous.
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The Thames
Perhaps more than any other geophysical feature, the Thames river has directly affected London’s growth and rise to prominence; historically, the city’s economic, political, and military importance was dependent on its riverine location. As a tidal river, connected to the North Sea, the Thames allowed for transportation to and from the outside world; and, as the longest river in England, bordering on nine counties, it linked London to the country’s interior. Indeed, without the Thames, London would not exist as one of Europe’s most influential cities. The Thames, however, is notable for its dichotomous nature: it is both a natural phenomenon and a cultural construct; it lives in geological time but has been the measure of human history; and the city was built around the river, but the river has been reshaped by the city and its inhabitants.The Thames is mentioned in the following documents:
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Whitehall
Whitehall Palace, the Palace of Whitehall or simply Whitehall, was one of the most complex and sizeable locations in the entirety of early modern Europe. As the primary place of residence for monarchs from 1529 to 1698, Whitehall was an architectural testament to the shifting sociopolitical, religious, and aesthetic currents of Renaissance England. Sugden describes the geospatial location of Whitehall in noting that[i]t lay on the left bank of the Thames, and extended from nearly the point where Westminster Bdge. now crosses the river to Scotland Yard, and from the river back to St. James’s Park
(Sugden 564-565).Whitehall is mentioned in the following documents:
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Privy Stairs
The Privy Stairs were the rivermen’s stairs on the Thames attached to the king and queen’s apartments at Whitehall for use by the monarchs when they still resided at the palace; river access was necessary as the palace faced the Thames rather than the street (Ivimey 163). The stairs was used primarily by visiting foreign dignitaries and courtiers in order to gain access to the palace without needing to negotiate the streets of London, while a second dock, the Whitehall Stairs, was located downstream and was accessible to the public (Pepys).Privy Stairs is mentioned in the following documents:
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Southwark is mentioned in the following documents:
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Blackfriars (Farringdon Within)
The largest and wealthiest friary in England, Blackfriars was not only a religious institution but also a cultural, intellectual, and political centre of London. The friary housed London’s Dominican friars (known in England as the Black friars) after their move from the smaller Blackfriars precincts in Holborn. The Dominicans’ aquisition of the site, overseen by Robert Kilwardby, began in 1275. Once completed, the precinct was second in size only to St. Paul’s Churchyard, spanning eight acres from the Fleet to St. Andrew’s Hill and from Ludgate to the Thames. Blackfriars remained a political and social hub, hosting councils and even parlimentary proceedings, until its surrender in 1538 pursuant to Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries (Holder 27–56).Blackfriars (Farringdon Within) is mentioned in the following documents:
Variant spellings
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Documents using the spelling
White Hall stairs
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Documents using the spelling
White-Hall-stairs
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Documents using the spelling
Whitehall staires
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Documents using the spelling
Whitehall Stairs