Introduction to Eirenopolis
¶Critical Introduction
See the text of Eirenopolis.
Thomas Adams’ Eirenopolis describes an ideal London. As the
City of Peace,London becomes New Jerusalem, in which urbs, communitas, and res publica combine in a unified vision of religious and civil peace. Adams communicates this interpretation of God’s will with London’s familiar terrain, making his doctrine more understandable to his audience. Simultaneously, Adams invests London’s space, inhabitants, and government with divine meaning. However, beneath Adams’ attempts to glorify the city, the reader can detect undercurrents of unease. Ultimately, Adams’ London is two-faced: it is both glorious and disquieting, holy and unholy, unified and divided.
Adams was a prolific and popular seventeenth-century preacher and author; he produced nineteen
collections of sermons and three treatises between 1612 and 1652. At the height of his popularity, Adams preached on several occasions at Paul’s Cross. In 1625, he read sermons for the lord mayor’s1 election and the bishop of London’s2 visit. He also spoke at Whitehall two days after the death of King James. Reportedly called
the prose Shakespeare of Puritan theologiansby Robert Southey DNB, Adams developed a highly satirical prose style that drew on contemporary dramatic conventions.
In an era characterized by religious contention, Eirenopolis advocates that peace be the paramount aim of religion. It is a thoughtful work for
and about the citizens of early modern London. By using familiar London landmarks, it illuminates how citizens might become better city-dwellers. The frequent
use of Latin, along with Biblical and classical allusions, implies an ecclesiastical
audience, but the inclusion of translations and verse glosses suggests that Adams intended his text to reach a popular readership as well.
Eirenopolis’s central conceit is the association of London’s urbs with various peaceful themes. The city walls are allegorized as Unity and Concord, Bishopsgate as Innocence, Ludgate as Patience, Aldgate as Beneficence, Cripplegate as Recompense, and the Thames as Prosperity. These associations suggest that the
City of Peace,or
New Jerusalem(Adams sig. B11r), is realized within London. The new names of these urbs invest the architecture of London with divine meaning. The walls no longer merely delineate the boundary of London proper; they unify the inhabitants as a holy body (Adams sig. C4r). The association of Bishopsgate with the clergy serves as a physical reminder of the blamelessness of God’s servants (Adams sig. C6v). Ludgate’s prison is no longer a mere jail for freemen and clergymen; it becomes a place where Londoners learn to patiently suffer the world’s ills (Adams sig. C10r). Aldgate, with its statues of Peace and Charity and its proximity to two almshouses, becomes a model of divine charity. Cripplegate, which was apparently named after its crippled beggars, is invested with the virtues of compensation and renewal following sin. Finally, the Thames, as the provider of commerce and material goods, becomes
the Ocean of God’s Bountie(Adams sig. H7v).
While London as an urbs is generally eulogized, Adams includes two representations of evil and civic strife: Newgate and Moorgate, symbols of Contention. Newgate, as London’s oldest prison, represents
the birth of strife(Adams sig. E7r) in London, while Moorgate, as a location for the banishment of all those
fitter for the societie of Moores and Pagans(Adams sig. E6v), represents all that is alien to London.
These contentious gates operate solely as portals out of the city. All of the symbolic
elements of the city structure function as agents of movement: the virtuous gates
as inward thresholds, the walls as prohibitors of movement and upholders of the status
quo, and the contentious gates as means of expulsion. The Thames occupies a dual position, with its capacity to
[come] flowing in with Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] commodities, [and go] loaden backe with Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] injuries(Adams sig. H8r). Effectively, virtue is presented as something that exists outside of London and therefore must be imported; conversely, the city itself produces nothing but vice. This treatment of the urbs of London, as both a worldly expression of God’s will and a producer of strife and filth, signals the text’s ambivalence about the city.
The city walls, even as they form the urbs, simultaneously denote the border of a totalizing communitas of London citizens. In his description of the walls as Unity and Concord, Adams proposes that
it is in a Citie, as in a Bodie(Adams sig. B12v). As a unified physical body, citizens must
all Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] exercise their functions for the good of the whole(Adams sig. C2r). Individual differences are permitted, for
some are stronger, as the armes and legges(Adams sig. C1r), but all must combine to provide for
the supportation of the weaker(Adams sig. C1r). It is not merely through entering the urbs of the city, but by sacrificing private desires for the general good that the
faithfull citizens of Peace(Adams sig. C1r) are determined. However, the city as a connected body of disparate members is not merely the ideal condition of the Holy City; it is an unavoidable condition of city life. Whether in practice the London body pursues the good of all its component members, or chooses to
starue the whole Body, to fatt a toe(Adams sig. C2v), is uncertain. Once again, despite Adams’ predominantly laudatory tone, his trepidation regarding London’s actual merit emerges as he concedes that
Many euill men may haue one will in wickednesse(Adams sig. C4r). Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the fundamental reason for civil unity is to protect the city from an
enemie’s entrance(Adams sig. C4r). Far from being united, Adams’ Londoners constantly threaten to
pecke out one another’s eyes(Adams sig. C5r). London is no longer a New Jerusalem, but a composite Judah and Israel that, in warring against itself, is overcome by enemies (Adams sig. C6r-C6v). The undercurrent of strife once again corrupts the holy and perfect city of peace.
Adams’ representation of London as res publica also corresponds with the general tendency of Eirenopolis to depict London as the City of God in miniature, while concurrently revealing an embedded trepidation
regarding its virtue. If the ruler of New Jerusalem is God, then the ruler of London must be
a little God(Adams sig. F12r); the section on the
Prince of Peace(Adams sig. F11v) is essentially an extended tribute to King James and an argument for his divine right to rule. In the City of Peace,
all must obey(Adams sig. F12r) both the God-on-Earth of the King, and the Gospel-on-Earth of the law (Adams sig. G5v). London becomes an amalgamated expression of the royal court and the court of law, attended by
Plenty Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] her Treasurer, Liberalitie her Almoner, Conscience her Chancelor, Wisdome her Counseller(Adams sig. I7r). Adams explicitly upholds
Magistracie, or [the] lawfulnes of authoritie(Adams sig. F4v-F5r); at the same time, he expresses distrust regarding the legal process. In a lengthy diatribe against lawyers and legal abuses, Adams depicts London’s res publica as infested with a
smooth-fac’d company(Adams sig. E6v) of civil antagonists. Language saturated with references to feeding, diseased bowels, and foul air (Adams sig. F3r-F3v) denotes a res publica that is not a reflection of the Gospel, but instead a disorder in the body of London.
The London of Eirenopolis is a complicated tangle of urbs, communitas, and res publica. London, an amalgamation of New Jerusalem and Babel, is both divine and dangerous. Adams employs London as an analogy in order to clarify his opinions regarding holiness and peace, and
his treatise demonstrates considerable theological knowledge and an unquestionable
desire to contribute to social well-being. However, more than a model for peace, Eirenopolis provides a revealing indication of early modern confusion regarding this changing
city. Adams’ concluding image of London is as Solomon’s Jerusalem verified, but his most apt image of London might be his allusion to anamorphic pictures: London is like
certain Pictures, that represent to diuers beholders, at diuers stations, diuers formes Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] Looking one way, you see a beautifull Virgine: another way, some deformed monster(Adams sig. H8r).
¶Textual Note
Eirenopolis: The Citie of Peace. Surueyed and commended to all Chriſtians (STC 112) was printed in octavo format in 1622 by Augustine Matthews for John Grismand. It was entered into the Stationers’ Register on 3 May 1622. The imprint line tells us that the book was
to be ſold at his This text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.).Grismand’s Shop in Pauls Alley, at the Signe of the Gunne.According to the English Short Title Catalogue, only three copies survive; they are held by the British Library, the Bodleian, and the Huntington Library. Our text is a semi-diplomatic transcription of the EEBO digital surrogate of the Bodleian copy.
The sermon was later reprinted in the folio collection of Adams’ works: The Workes of Tho: Adams. Being the Svmme of His Sermons, Meditations, and other Divine
and Morall Discovrses (1629; STC 105).
Notes
- I.e., Sir Allan Cotton. (KL)↑
- I.e., George Mountain. (KL)↑
Cite this page
MLA citation
Introduction to Eirenopolis.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by , U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/EIRE1_critical.htm.
Chicago citation
Introduction to Eirenopolis.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/EIRE1_critical.htm.
APA citation
Eirenopolis. In (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/EIRE1_critical.htm.
, & 2022. Introduction to RIS file (for RefMan, RefWorks, EndNote etc.)
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed.
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Adams, Thomas. The devills banket described in foure sermons. London: Thomas Snodham for Ralph Mab, 1614. STC 110.5.
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Adams, Thomas. Diseases of the soule a discourse diuine, morall, and physicall. London: George Purslowe for John Badge, 1616. STC 109.
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Adams, Thomas. Mystical bedlam, or the world of mad-men. London: George Purslowe for Clement Knight, 1615. STC 124.
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Adams, Thomas. The works of Thomas Adams. Ed. James Nichol. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1861–1862. Remediated by Hathi Trust.
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Sir Allan Cotton
Sir Allan Cotton Sheriff Mayor
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James VI and I
James This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 6VI This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of Scotland King of England King of Ireland
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James VI and I. Letters of King James VI and I. Ed. G.P.V. Akrigg. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Print.
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Rhodes, Neill, Jennifer Richards, and Joseph Marshall, eds. King James VI and I: Selected Writings. By James VI and I. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.
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George Mountain
George Mountain Bishop of Lincoln Bishop of London Bishop of Durham Archbishop of York
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Munday, Anthony, Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and William Shakespeare. Sir Thomas More. 1998. Remediated by Project Gutenberg.
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Munday, Anthony, Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and William Shakespeare. Sir Thomas More. Ed. Vittorio Gabrieli and Giorgio Melchiori. Revels Plays. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1990. Print.
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Shakespeare, William. All’s Well That Ends Well. Ed. Helen Ostovich. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/AWW/.
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Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Randall Martin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Ant/.
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Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Ed. David Bevington. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/AYL/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. Ed. Matthew Steggle. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Err/.
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Shakespeare, William. Coriolanus. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Cor/.
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Shakespeare, William. Cymbeline. Ed. Jennifer Forsyth. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Cym/.
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Shakespeare, William. Edward III. Ed. Jennifer Massai. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Edw/.
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Shakespeare, William. The first part of the contention betwixt the two famous houses of Yorke and Lancaster with the death of the good Duke Humphrey: and the banishment and death of the Duke of Suffolke, and the tragicall end of the proud Cardinall of VVinchester, vvith the notable rebellion of Iacke Cade: and the Duke of Yorkes first claime vnto the crowne. London, 1594. STC 26099.
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Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Ham/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part 1. Ed. Rosemary Gaby. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/1H4/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part 2. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/2H4/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry V. Ed. James D. Mardock. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/H5/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry VIII. Ed. Diane Jakacki. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/H8/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry VI, Part 1. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/1H6/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry VI, Part 2. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/2H6/.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry VI, Part 3. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/3H6/.
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Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. John D. Cox. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/JC/.
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Shakespeare, William. King John. Ed. Michael Best. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Jn/.
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Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 1201–54.
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Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Ed. Michael Best. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Lr/.
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Shakespeare, William. King Richard III. Ed. James R. Siemon. London: Methuen, 2009. The Arden Shakespeare.
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Shakespeare, William. The Life of King Henry the Eighth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 919–64.
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Shakespeare, William. A Lover’s Complaint. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/lC/.
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Shakespeare, William. Love’s Labor’s Lost. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/LLL/.
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Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Anthony Dawson. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Mac/.
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Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 414–454.
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Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. Ed. Herbert Weil. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MM/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MV/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Merry Wives of Windsor. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Wiv/.
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Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Ed. Suzanne Westfall. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MND/.
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Shakespeare, William. Mr. VVilliam Shakespeares comedies, histories, & tragedies Published according to the true originall copies. London, 1623. STC 22273.
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Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. Ed. Grechen Minton. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Ado/.
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Shakespeare, William. Othello. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Oth/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Passionate Pilgrim. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/PP/.
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Shakespeare, William. Pericles. Ed. Tom Bishop. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Per/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Phoenix and the Turtle. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/PhT/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Rape of Lucrece. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Luc/.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard II. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 740–83.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard II. Ed. Catherine Lisak. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/R2/.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard the Third (Modern). Ed. Adrian Kiernander. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/R3/.
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Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Ed. Erin Sadlack. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Rom/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 552–984.
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Shakespeare, William. The Sonnets. Ed. Michael Best. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Son/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Ed. Erin Kelly. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Shr/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Ed. Brent Whitted and Paul Yachnin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Tmp/.
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Shakespeare, William. Timon of Athens. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Tim/.
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Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 966–1004.
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Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. Ed. Trey Jansen. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Tit/.
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Shakespeare, William. Troilus and Cressida. Ed. W. L. Godshalk. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Tro/.
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Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Ed. David Carnegie and Mark Houlahan. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/TN/.
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Shakespeare, William. Two Gentlemen of Verona. Ed. Melissa Walter. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/TGV/.
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Shakespeare, William. Two Noble Kinsmen. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/TNK/.
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Shakespeare, William. Venus and Adonis. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Ven/.
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Shakespeare, William. The Winter’s Tale. Ed. Hardin Aasand. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/WT/.
Locations
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London is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Paul’s Cross
The Paul’s Cross outdoor preaching station is located in Paul’s Cross Churchyard on the northeast side of St. Paul’s Cathedral. During the early modern period, Paul’s Cross was a site of drama, since the interfaith conflicts of the time were addressed from the pulpit. These sermons were presented by prominent Reformation figures including Stephen Gardiner, Miles Coverdale, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, Gilbert Bourne, Edmund Grindal, Matthew Parker, John Jewel, John Foxe, Edwin Sandys, and John Donne.St. Paul’s Cross is mentioned in the following documents:
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Whitehall
Whitehall Palace, the Palace of Whitehall or simply Whitehall, was one of the most complex and sizeable locations in the entirety of early modern Europe. As the primary place of residence for monarchs from 1529 to 1698, Whitehall was an architectural testament to the shifting sociopolitical, religious, and aesthetic currents of Renaissance England. Sugden describes the geospatial location of Whitehall in noting that[i]t lay on the left bank of the Thames, and extended from nearly the point where Westminster Bdge. now crosses the river to Scotland Yard, and from the river back to St. James’s Park
(Sugden 564-565).Whitehall is mentioned in the following documents:
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The Wall
Originally built as a Roman fortification for the provincial city of Londinium in the second century C.E., the London Wall remained a material and spatial boundary for the city throughout the early modern period. Described by Stow ashigh and great
(Stow 1:8), the London Wall dominated the cityscape and spatial imaginations of Londoners for centuries. Increasingly, the eighteen-foot high wall created a pressurized constraint on the growing city; the various gates functioned as relief valves where development spilled out to occupy spacesoutside the wall.
The Wall is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bishopsgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ludgate
Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Ludgate was a gate built by the Romans (Carlin and Belcher 80). Stow asserts that Ludgate was constructed by King Lud who named the gate after himselffor his owne honor
(Stow 1:1).Ludgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Aldgate
Aldgate was the easternmost gate into the walled city. The nameAldgate
is thought to come from one of four sources: Æst geat meaningEastern gate
(Ekwall 36), Alegate from the Old English ealu meaningale,
Aelgate from the Saxon meaningpublic gate
oropen to all,
or Aeldgate meaningold gate
(Bebbington 20–21).Aldgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cripplegate
Cripplegate was one of the original gates in the city wall (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 221; Harben). It was the northern gate of a large fortress that occupied the northwestern corner of the Roman city.Cripplegate is mentioned in the following documents:
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The Thames
Perhaps more than any other geophysical feature, the Thames river has directly affected London’s growth and rise to prominence; historically, the city’s economic, political, and military importance was dependent on its riverine location. As a tidal river, connected to the North Sea, the Thames allowed for transportation to and from the outside world; and, as the longest river in England, bordering on nine counties, it linked London to the country’s interior. Indeed, without the Thames, London would not exist as one of Europe’s most influential cities. The Thames, however, is notable for its dichotomous nature: it is both a natural phenomenon and a cultural construct; it lives in geological time but has been the measure of human history; and the city was built around the river, but the river has been reshaped by the city and its inhabitants.The Thames is mentioned in the following documents:
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Newgate
The gaol at Newgate, a western gate in the Roman Wall of London, was constructed in the twelfth century specifically to detainfellons and trespassors
awaiting trial by royal judges (Durston 470; O’Donnell 25; Stow 1598, sig. C8r). The gradual centralisation of the English criminal justice system meant that by the reign of Elizabeth I, Newgate had become London’s most populated gaol. In the early modern period, incarceration was rarely conceived of as a punishment in itself; rather, gaols like Newgate were more like holding cells, where inmates spent time until their trials or punishments were effected, or their debts were paid off.Newgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Moorgate
Moorgate was one of the major gates in the Wall of London (Sugden). It was situated in the northern part of the Wall, flanked by Cripplegate and Bishopsgate. Clearly labelled asMore Gate
on the Agas map, it stood near the intersection of London Wall street and Coleman Street (Sugden; Stow 1598, sig. C6v). It adjoined Bethlehem Hospital, and the road through it led into Finsbury Field (Rocque) and Mallow Field.Moorgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Paul’s Alley
Henry Harben describes the general location of St. Paul’s Alley in noting that it isIn Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Ward Within
(Harben 459). Also known simply asPaul’s Alley,
the lane’s positioning on Ogilby and Morgan’s 1677 map is directly north of the west end St. Paul’s Cathedal. The alley runs north-to-south and intersects with Paternoster Row. The alley, like St. Paul’s Cathedral itself, was integral to the early modern book trade.St. Paul’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
Glossary
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communitas
The spirit of community. An unstructured body of people acting collectively and equally. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
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res publica
The common good of a state. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
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urbs
The physical, architectural existence of a city. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents: