Geocode MoEML Locations
¶Basics of Geographic Information System (GIS) Locations
Any place on the surface of the earth can be located in terms of three coordinates:
latitude, longitude, and elevation (height above sea level). In most of our work,
we are concerned with only the first two, latitude and longitude, because we don’t
(currently) envisage any rendering or data processing that would make use of elevation.
Traditionally, latitude and longitude were expressed in degrees, like this:
These are the coordinates of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Notice that the longitude coordinate starts with zero. St. Paul’s is very close to Greenwich, through which the zero line of longitude, the51°30'49.25"N
0° 5'58.42"W
prime meridian,runs.
In modern GIS systems, latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal numbers, which
look like this:
You can see that these are the same basic numbers—latitude measured as distance north or south from the equator, longitude measured as distance east or west from the prime meridian—but they’re expressed in a form that enables computers to do math with them more easily. They’re also reversed: longitude comes before latitude in most modern computing contexts.-0.098369
51.513557
Coordinates like this are usually comma-separated, like this:
-0.098369,51.513557
and if elevation is also included, it comes last, like this:
-0.098369,51.513557,0
Our geo-location work falls into two phases: discovering the actual location, and
then
generating coordinates for that location the form of a GeoJSON geometry.
¶Resources for Finding Geo-coordinates
At the moment, historical geo-coordinates are not nearly as readily available as modern-day
geo-coordinates. Generally speaking, those who wish to work with historical geographic
data are expected to infer geo-coordinates from their own research. We can infer the
geo-coordinates of early modern locations from the geo-coordinates of modern administrative
boundaries, sites, and structures.
There were three cataclysmic events that changed the face of London:
-
The Great Fire of London (1666)
-
The Victorian
expansion
of London (nineteenth century) -
The Blitz (1940-1941)
Despite these events, London’s street layout, administrative boundaries, and property
lines have been remarkably stable. Changes to administrative boundaries are well documented,
which means we can work backwards from modern boundary maps if necessary. Sometimes
building plans and street surveys survive (such as Ralph Treswell’s property surveys; see Schofield). Archaeological finds in London are geo-referenced, which gives us corroborating
evidence for some locations (especially the footprint of structures now lost, such
as theatres).
A good rule of thumb is to start with the earliest map and work forward through time.
The following is a list of resources that you can use to research location geo-coordinates:
-
Agas Map
Always start with the Agas Map! Civitas Londinum is a bird’s-eye view of London first printed from woodblocks in about 1561. If your place is depicted on Agas, you will be able to greatly narrow-down the place’s location in modern London. -
Carlin & Belcher’s 1520 Map
The 1520 Tudor map depicts London before the 1536 dissolution of the monastareries. It was reconstructed by historians and archaeologists and covers a large geographical area, including part of Southwark. -
London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre Online Catalogue (LAARC)
LAARC is a database of site records from archaeological digs in London. Each site record has been assigned geo-coordinates that correspond with the point where historical evidence of the location was discovered by archaeologists. Site records are searchable via the website’s home page. Note that even though it is possible to search by street name, LAARC provides point-based geo-coordinates for archaeological finds under modern streets, not line-based geo-coordinates for the early modern streets themselves. LAARC usefully lists all the scholarly articles and monographs about a particular dig, from which we can derive further information. -
Shakespearean London Theatres (ShaLT)
ShaLT maps all the early modern London theatres and provides resources, maps, and suggested walking tours. Each location (exclusively playhouses and related locations) has been assigned geo-coordinates that define where the location existed in Shakespeare’s London (defined as 1570s to 1642). Locations are indexed on thelocations
page. We have now added all of the ShaLT coordinates to our playhouse location files. -
GeoNames
GeoNames is a global database of geo-coordinates that contains over 100 modern-day locations in the City of London. Locations are searchable by toponym at the website’s home page and visually via the website’s map widget. Note that GeoNames is a modern-day gazetteer. Geo-coordinates for a modern-day location may not perfectly correspond with the location’s early modern predecessor. -
Locating London’s Past
Locating London’s Past is a GIS interface that links various seventeenth and eighteenth-century datasets with a georectified version of John Rocque’s Survey of London, Westminster, and Southwark (Rocque). Geo-coordinates are not visible to the user. However, Tim Hitchock (one of the project directors) has kindly supplied MoEML with the project’s .KMZ files that contain geo-coordinates for streets and parishes. MoEML team members may ask Janelle Jenstad for access to these files, which you can open and search in Oxygen.
¶Manually Find Geo-coordinates
In many cases, you will be unable to find geo-coordinates for a location using the
resources listed in the previous section. When this happens, you must use your own
research on the location to infer its location on a modern-day online map of London.
The following sections describe how to extract geo-coordinates manually for user-selected
points, lines, and polygons by first searching for the location using the
Vertexer—a mapping markup tool developed by Greg Newton at HCMC. You may also use the OpenStreetMap
Nominatimdatabase, and if you need to generate complex geometries such as MultiLineStrings (for broken streets) or MultiPolygons (for locations which have multiple unconnected shapes) the HCMC World Map for Drawing provides a richer drawing interface. Both the Vertexer and the HCMC map provide exactly the TEI code that you need to insert into the location file.
¶Introduction to OpenStreetMap Nominatim
The open-source OpenStreetMap organization maintains a huge database of locations
called Nominatim, and you can
search it at using the Vertexer or OpenStreetMap.org. Note that historical locations are
not very well represented, and the current coordinates of historical places may not
accurately represent their original
location. Nevertheless, this is a good starting point when it comes to finding the
modern coordinates for a historical
place. When you search on the Vertexer, a drop-down list of potential locations will appear. If one of them looks
correct, you can place it on the map by clicking on the point icon to the left. If
there is already a full geometry
for the place in Nominatem, you can click instead on the second icon.
If the place you have found is correct, your next job is to either confirm that existing
geometries are correct and
acceptable, or draw a new geometry. Often, the Nominatem database will include only
a point location, but we would
prefer something more precise, so you may wish to draw a polygon instead. To draw
a Point, LineString or Polygon, click on the
appropriate icon on the right, and start clicking on the map to add points. When you
have finished, either click back on the
first position (for a Polygon), or double-click the last position (for a LineString).
If you are happy with your shape, click on the Export button (second icon on the right),
and a popup box will show
the TEI code you need for the location file. Note that you need to click on the TEI
option to
see the right code.
¶Placing the Geometry Information Into the TEI File
Modern geographical information is stored right at the beginning of the
<body>
of a TEI location file. There you
will find a <div>
element with @type
="placeInfo"
, like this:
<div type="placeInfo" xml:id="SOME50_placeInfo">
<head>Something Lane</head>
<listPlace>
<place>
<placeName>Something Lane</placeName>
<location type="GeoJSON" source="mol:VERT3" resp="mol:TAKE1" when="2016-05-06"><geo resp="mol:HOLM3"> "geometry": { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [[-0.087802,51.514622], [-0.08751,51.514249], [-0.087314,51.513917]] } </geo></location>
</place>
</listPlace>
</div>
The <head>Something Lane</head>
<listPlace>
<place>
<placeName>Something Lane</placeName>
<location type="GeoJSON" source="mol:VERT3" resp="mol:TAKE1" when="2016-05-06"><geo resp="mol:HOLM3"> "geometry": { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [[-0.087802,51.514622], [-0.08751,51.514249], [-0.087314,51.513917]] } </geo></location>
</place>
</listPlace>
</div>
<location>
element must have @type
="GeoJSON"
. You can also
add source info (here the Vertexer, VERT3, is the source), a resp attribute pointing
to yourself, and dating info if appropriate. Then paste the <geo>
element from
the Vertexer inside the <location>
element.
That should be all you need to do. Make a note to yourself to check the resulting
location page on the MoEML Jenkins site when the next build has completed to see if
your map appear as you expect.
¶Documentation, Sources and Certainty
When you add a new GeoJSON location, you should document your work by:
-
Adding a
@resp
attribute to the<location>
element, pointing to yourself -
Adding a
<respStmt>
to the header, with<resp>
/@ref
pointing to"molresp:gis"
-
Adding a
<change>
element to the<revisionDesc>
@source
to the <location>
element.
This may be as simple as citing OpenStreetMaps (@source
="mol:OSMD1"
). To cite a chapter from our 1598 edition of Survey of London, use "STOW17"
. You can add multiple pointers inside @source
.
It is not uncommon for there to be a degree of uncertainty about a location. There
are
two types of uncertainty. You may be unsure about the precise coordinates of a place
because
the surrounding cityscape has changed significantly. In that case, you would add
@cert
="medium"
or @cert
="low"
to the <geo>
element itself.
On the other hand, there may be some confusion about the broader location; if there
are two
Smith Streets, and it is not clear which one is the right one, then you would have
to pick the most likely one, but
you might add @cert
="medium"
to the <location>
element to specify that
the uncertainty relates to the general location rather than the coordinates.¶Introduction to HCMC World Map for Drawing
HCMC has a World Map for Drawing based on the same
OpenStreetMap data. This map allows you to create points, lines or polygons representing a location,
and will
then generate TEI code which you can then embed directly into the location file you
are working on.
When you first go to the site, you will see that the map zooms in on the UVic campus,
but if you click on
London, UKand then select
Agas London,the map will move over the London and provide you with a bounding box around the rough area covered by the Agas Map.
Now zoom in to locate the place you found through Nominatim or some other resource,
and you’re ready to start drawing.
This map makes it possible to create an additional geometry type, the GeometryCollection,
which is what you need if
your location includes a mixture of two or more different types of base geometry (such
as a LineString and a Polygon).
References
-
Citation
Carlin, Martha, and Victor Belcher.Gazetteer to the c.1270 and c.1520 Maps with Historical Notes.
The British Atlas of Historic Towns. Vol. 3. The City of London From Prehistoric Times to c.1520. Ed. Mary D. Lobel and W.H. Johns. Oxford: Oxford UP in conjunction with The Historic Towns Trust, 1989. Print. [Also available online at British Historic Towns Atlas. Gazetteer part 1. Gazetteer part 2. Gazetteer part 3.]This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Davies, Matthew, Tim Hitchcock, and Robert Shoemaker, eds. Locating London’s Past. U of Hertfordshire, U of London, and U of Sheffield. https://www.locatinglondon.org/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Egan, Gabriel, ed. Shakespearean London Theatres. De Montfort U and Victoria & Albert Museum. http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre. MoLA. https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/collections/other-collection-databases-and-libraries/museum-london-archaeological-archive.This item is cited in the following documents:
-
Citation
Newton, Greg, dev. Vertexer: Mercator Vertex Generator. U of Victoria. https://hcmc.uvic.ca/people/greg/vertexer/. [This tool was developed by Greg Newton, programmer, Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC) at the U of Victoria in 2014, and rewritten in 2021. For instructions on how to use this tool, see MoEML’s documentation for encoding GIS coordinates of locations.]This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Rocque, John. A Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster, and Borough of Southwark with Contiguous Buildings. London: Printed by John Rocque, 1746. Reprinted as The A to Z of Georgian London. Introduced by Ralph Hyde. London: London Topographical Society, 1982. [We cite by index label thus: Rocque 15Db.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Schofield, John, ed. The London Surveys of Ralph Treswell. London: London Topographical Society, 1987. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Wick, Marc, and Christophe Boutreux, devs. GeoNames. http://www.geonames.org/.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Geocode MoEML Locations.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by , U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/geo.htm.
Chicago citation
Geocode MoEML Locations.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/geo.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/geo.htm.
, , , & 2022. Geocode MoEML Locations. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, RefWorks, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Holmes, Martin A1 - Landels-Gruenewald, Tye A1 - Holmes, Martin A1 - Jenstad, Janelle ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Geocode MoEML Locations T2 - The Map of Early Modern London ET - 7.0 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/05 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/geo.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/geo.xml ER -
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#HOLM3"><surname>Holmes</surname>, <forename>Martin</forename>
<forename>D.</forename></name></author>, <author><name ref="#LAND2"><forename>Tye</forename>
<surname>Landels-Gruenewald</surname></name></author>, <author><name ref="#HOLM3"><forename>Martin</forename>
<forename>D.</forename> <surname>Holmes</surname></name></author>, and <author><name
ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename> <surname>Jenstad</surname></name></author>.
<title level="a">Geocode MoEML Locations</title>. <title level="m">The Map of Early
Modern London</title>, Edition <edition>7.0</edition>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename>
<surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>,
<date when="2022-05-05">05 May 2022</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/geo.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/geo.htm</ref>.</bibl>
Personography
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Tracey El Hajj
TEH
Junior Programmer 2018-2020. Research Associate 2020-2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019-20 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course onArtificial Intelligence and Everyday Life.
Tracey was also a member of the Linked Early Modern Drama Online team, between 2019 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.Roles played in the project
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Author
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CSS Editor
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Editor
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Geo-Coordinate Researcher
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Junior Programmer
Contributions by this author
Tracey El Hajj is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tracey El Hajj is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Joey Takeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
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Contributions by this author
Joey Takeda is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Joey Takeda is mentioned in the following documents:
Joey Takeda authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Jenstad, Janelle and Joseph Takeda.
Making the RA Matter: Pedagogy, Interface, and Practices.
Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Jentery Sayers. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Print.
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-
Tye Landels-Gruenewald
TLG
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.Roles played in the project
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Author
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Editor
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Tye Landels-Gruenewald is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tye Landels-Gruenewald is mentioned in the following documents:
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Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
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Associate Project Director
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Author
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CSS Editor
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Compiler
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Conceptor
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Data Manager
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Director of Pedagogy and Outreach
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Editor
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Contributions by this author
Kim McLean-Fiander is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Kim McLean-Fiander is mentioned in the following documents:
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Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Contributions by this author
Janelle Jenstad is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Janelle Jenstad is mentioned in the following documents:
Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Jenstad, Janelle and Joseph Takeda.
Making the RA Matter: Pedagogy, Interface, and Practices.
Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Jentery Sayers. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MV/.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed.
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Martin D. Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
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Martin D. Holmes is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Martin D. Holmes is mentioned in the following documents:
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Greg Newton
(b. 4 December 1966)Programmer at the University of Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC) who worked on graphics and layout for the site in the fall of 2011.Greg Newton is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Greg Newton is mentioned in the following documents:
Greg Newton authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Newton, Greg, dev. Vertexer: Mercator Vertex Generator. U of Victoria. https://hcmc.uvic.ca/people/greg/vertexer/. [This tool was developed by Greg Newton, programmer, Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC) at the U of Victoria in 2014, and rewritten in 2021. For instructions on how to use this tool, see MoEML’s documentation for encoding GIS coordinates of locations.]
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Ralph Treswell is mentioned in the following documents:
Locations
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St. Paul’s Cathedral
St. Paul’s Cathedral was—and remains—an important church in London. In 962, while London was occupied by the Danes, St. Paul’s monastery was burnt and raised anew. The church survived the Norman conquest of 1066, but in 1087 it was burnt again. An ambitious Bishop named Maurice took the opportunity to build a new St. Paul’s, even petitioning the king to offer a piece of land belonging to one of his castles (Times 115). The building Maurice initiated would become the cathedral of St. Paul’s which survived until the Great Fire of London.St. Paul’s Cathedral is mentioned in the following documents:
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Greenwich
Greenwich Palace was a popular royal residence among the Tudors, specifically during the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Built in 1447 for Humphrey of Lancaster, Greenwich was the first visible sign as the traveller came from the mouth of the Thames in the east towards London (Bold 38). The land was originally the site of an Abbey until 1414 when it reverted back to the crown. In 1426, it was passed to Humphrey of Lancaster, who built the early palace and enclosed the land as a park. The house passed to Henry VI, whose wife, Margaret of Anjou, renamed it the Palace of Placentia orpleasant place.
The nameGreenwich Palace
dates from Elizabeth’s reign. This location was east of the area depicted on the Agas map.Greenwich is mentioned in the following documents: