Clicks
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Voiced implosives
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Ejectives
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OTHER SYMBOLS | ||||
Voiceless labial-velar fricative | Alveolo-palatal fricatives | |||
Voiced labial-velar approximant | Alveolar lateral flap | |||
Voiced labial-palatal approximant | Simultaneous ![]() ![]() |
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Voiceless epiglottal fricative | Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | |||
Voiced epiglottal fricative | ![]() ![]() |
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Epiglottal plosive |
Front | Central |
Back
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Front | Central |
Back
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DIACRITICS Diacritics
may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ![]() |
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Voiceless |
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Breathy voiced |
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Dental | ![]() |
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Voiced |
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Creaky voiced |
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Apical | ![]() |
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Aspirated |
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Linguolabial |
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Laminal | ![]() |
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More rounded |
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Labialized |
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Nasalized | ![]() |
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Less rounded |
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Palatalized |
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Nasal release | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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Velarized |
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Lateral release | ![]() |
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Retracted |
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Pharyngealized |
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No audible release | ![]() |
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Centralized |
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Velarized or Pharyngealized | ![]() |
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Mid-centralized |
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Raised | ![]() |
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Syllabic |
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Lowered | ![]() |
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Non-syllabic |
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Advanced Tongue Root | ![]() |
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Rhoticity |
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Retracted Tongue Root | ![]() |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
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Primary stress | |
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Secondary stress | |
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Long | ![]() |
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Half-long | ![]() |
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Extra-short | ![]() |
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Minor (foot) group | |
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Major (intonation) group | |
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Syllable
break ![]() |
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Linking (absence of a break) |
LEVEL
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CONTOUR
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Extra high |
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Rising | ||||
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High |
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Falling | ||||
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Mid |
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High rising | ||||
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Low |
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Low rising | ||||
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Extra low |
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Rising-falling | ||||
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Downstep |
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Global rise | ||||
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Upstep |
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Global fall |