CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
 
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Number Chart Reference - 101Number Chart Reference - 102  
Number Chart Reference - 103Number Chart Reference - 104
Number Chart Reference - 105Number Chart Reference - 106
Number Chart Reference - 107Number Chart Reference - 108
Number Chart Reference - 109Number Chart Reference - 110
Number Chart Reference - 111Number Chart Reference - 112
 
  
Number Chart Reference - 113
  
Number Chart Reference - 114
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ipa 184
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lateral  fricative
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 Lateral  approximant
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Alveolar lateral
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Examples:
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Velar
Alveolar fricative
  OTHER SYMBOLS    
 Voiceless labial-velar fricative
 
  Alveolo-palatal fricatives  
 Voiced labial-velar approximant
 
  Alveolar lateral flap  
 
  Voiced labial-palatal approximant
 
 Simultaneous and  
 
  Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.  
 
  Voiced epiglottal fricative  
 
  Epiglottal plosive  
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
VOWELS
Front Central
Back
DIACRITICS      Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Voiceless
Breathy voiced
Dental
Voiced
Creaky voiced
Apical
Aspirated
Linguolabial
Laminal
More rounded
 
Labialized
Nasalized  
Less rounded
 
Palatalized
Nasal release  
Advanced
 
Velarized
Lateral release  
Retracted
 
Pharyngealized
No audible release  
Centralized
 
Velarized or Pharyngealized    
Mid-centralized
 
Raised   (=voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic
 
Lowered   (= voiced bilabial approximant)
Non-syllabic
 
Advanced Tongue Root    
Rhoticity
Retracted Tongue Root    

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

 SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
        
Long
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
Syllable break     
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
CONTOUR
 
or
   Extra high
or
 
 Rising
 
  High   
 
 Falling
 
  Mid
 
 High rising
 
  Low
 
 Low rising
 
  Extra low
 
 Rising-falling
 
Downstep
Global rise
 
Upstep
Global fall