This list identifies all known individuals who are mentioned in the print edition as dancing in Jonson's masques, or as tilting at the barriers after Hymenaei and A Challenge at Tilt. No attempt is made to identify the nearly thirty individuals who tilted solely as challengers during Prince Henry's Barriers, and who do not otherwise appear in the print edition. They are listed in the Masque Archive, Barriers, 1. Male aristocrats are indexed according to their family names. Female aristocrats are indexed by the name in which they first appear in the edition; typically this is either their maiden name or their (first) husband's family name. References are supplied only for quotations, or where the facts are disputed or newly derived from sources other than standard works of reference.

Men

Abercromby [Abercroomy], Abraham. A Scot, naturalized 1608. Saddler to Prince Henry and Prince Charles. Called one of ‘the high dancers' and ‘a Scottish dancing courtier' by John Chamberlain (1939), 1.496, 2.69. Went to Paris in 1616 in Lord Hay's embassy, an entourage Chamberlain (2.14) summarized as ‘three mignards [= minions], three dancers, and three fools'. Masquer in Love Rest., Irish, Pleasure Rec., Wales, and Love's Tr.

Alexander [Zinzan, Zinzen], Henry. Son of Robert Zinzano (or Alexander; the patronym was anglicized from the father's Christian name), an equerry in the royal stable, knighted 1603. The family were Italians who had been in England since the 1550s. Henry and his brother Sigismund were regular tilters on James's Accession Days, and in 1608–14 were paid an annual free gift of £100 towards their charges; in 1614 they received an additional £1,000 (Rogers, 1877, 2.172–8). Tilted in Challenge.

Alexander [Zinzan, Zinzen], Sigismund. Brother of Henry Alexander; lieutenant in the Low Countries, 1617. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Arundel, Earl of. See Howard, Thomas.

Astley [Ashley], Sir John (d. 1639), of Maidstone, Kent. His father was Master of Queen Elizabeth's Jewels and his mother a gentlewoman of her Privy Chamber. Knighted 1603; Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to James and Charles. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque (1607). Appointed Master of the Revels 1622; held the title to the office until his death, though leased it to Sir Henry Herbert from 1623. Masquer in Hym.; tilted in Barriers.

Auchmouty [Achmouty], John. A Scottish courtier who became groom of the Bedchamber and received substantial monetary gifts, including a £500 pension, 1620. Weldon (1650), 59, associates him with the spendthrift Scots who ‘got some pretty estate'. John Chamberlain (1939, 1.496, 2.14) calls him one of ‘the high dancers', and ‘Auchmouty, that was at Padua and Venice'. He was one of the ‘three dancers' who accompanied Lord Hay to Paris, 1616 (see Abercromby, above). Masquer in Irish, Pleasure Rec., and Wales.

Badger, Sir Thomas (d. 1638). Second son of Sir Thomas Bagehott [Badger] of Prestbury, Gloucestershire. Master of the Harriers [= foxhounds] for life (1605), and said to have the finest breed of bulldogs in England. Danced in Juno and Hymenaeus 1604, Lord Hay's Masque 1607, and the Running Masque, 1619. He was one of the ‘three fools or buffoons' who were in Lord Hay's embassy to Paris, 1616 (Chamberlain, 1939, 2.14). Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), and Prince Henry's Barriers; masquer in Lovers MM.

Blount, Mountjoy, Earl of Newport (c. 1597–1666). Illegitimate son of the Earl of Devonshire and Lady Penelope Rich. Created Lord Mountjoy (in the Irish peerage) in 1618; Earl of Newport 1628. Master of the ordnance 1634. A waverer in the 1640–2 crisis, he eventually became an active royalist. He also danced in Albion's Triumph 1632, Coelum Britannicum 1634, The Temple of Love 1635, Britannia Triumphans 1638, and Salmacida Spolia 1640. Masquer in Love's Tr.; his wife danced in Chlor.

Bowie [Bovey, Buy], James. A Scot; son to James's Serjeant of the Cellar (H&S confuse him with his father). A ‘boy of spirit, a good rider, lutenist, dancer', he ran away to the Hague in 1617; Prince Charles paid for him to be brought back (CSPD 1611–18, 437). Masqued in News NW, Pan's Ann., Augurs, Time Vind., Neptune (where his name appears as Thomas), and Fort. Isles. The crown partially paid for his masquing costumes (see the relevant accounts in the Masque Archive).

Bowyer, Sir Henry (d. 1613). Eldest son of Sir William Bowyer; Chamberlain (1939, 1.497) calls him ‘a fine dancer’, but claims he died of ‘overheating’ after practising too much for the Masque of Squires. Masquer in Love Rest., and Irish.

Boyd [Boide], Sergeant Andrew. Received an Exchequer gift of £1,000, 1615; appointed surveyor of coals in the north of England, 1616; cupbearer on the King's progress to Scotland, 1617 (CSPD 1611–18, 277, 351, 556; HMC 75, 6.139). One of ‘the high dancers' according to Chamberlain (1939, 1.496). Knighted 1620; granted an annuity of £500, 1621. Masqued in Irish.

Brooke, Sir William, of Cooling Park, Kent. Created KB at Charles I's coronation in 1626. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Brydges, Grey, Fifth Baron Chandos (c. 1579–1621), of Sudeley, Gloucestershire. Suspected of complicity in the Essex rebellion and Bye Plot. Famous for his huge landholdings in the Cotswolds: sometimes called the ‘King of Cotswold’. Maintained a troupe of players c. 1604–10. KB 1605. Keeper of Ditton Park 1609–14. Married Anne Stanley, daughter of the fifth Earl of Derby, and sister to Lady Frances Egerton and the Countess of Huntingdon (below). Became embroiled in disputes with Sir John Kennedy (below). Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Buckingham, Duke of. See Villiers, George.

Carey, Sir Robert (1560–1639). Tenth son of Henry Carey, first Baron Hunsdon (a cousin to Queen Elizabeth). With Essex at Rouen, 1591; administrator in the north in the 1590s. Raced to Scotland 1603 with the news of Elizabeth's death, and made Gentleman of James's Bedchamber, but demoted to the Privy Chamber at his return. He and his wife (a lady to Queen Anne) became central figures in Prince Charles's household; he was Charles's Master of the Robes, 1611, and Chamberlain, 1617; Gentleman of the Bedchamber, 1625, and Earl of Monmouth 1626. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Carey, Thomas (1597–1634). Second son of the preceding; a ‘privado of the Prince's bedchamber’ (Chamberlain, 2.588). Tilted in March 1620; carried love-letters between Charles and Henrietta Maria, 1624; awarded a pension of £500, 1625. Masquer in Neptune and Fort. Isles, the costs of his costumes being underwritten by the crown.

Cary, Sir Henry (c. 1575–1633). Son of Sir Edward Cary (d. 1618), and with him joint Master of the Jewel House. Knighted by Essex, 1599. Captured in the Low Countries, 1605, and ransomed. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607. Comptroller of the Household, 1617. Created Viscount Falkland, 1620. Father to Jonson's friend Lucius Cary; see also Epigr. 66. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Cavendish, Sir William (1592–1676), Viscount Mansfield (1620), Earl (1628) and Duke (1665) of Newcastle. Son of Sir Charles Cavendish. Created KB at Prince Henry's investiture (1610). Governor to Prince Charles, 1638; royalist general 1642–4. A major magnate in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, he was known for his amateur playwriting, interests in architecture, and artistic patronage (his clients included Jonson, Hobbes, and Shirley). His second wife was the writer Margaret Cavendish. Tilted in Challenge. Hosted Welbeck and Bolsover.

Cecil, Sir Edward (1572–1638). Third son of Sir Thomas Cecil, first Earl of Exeter. Gentleman of the Privy Chamber 1603. A career soldier, who campaigned extensively in Netherlands and Germany, and led the ill-fated 1625 expedition to Cadiz. Created Viscount Wimbledon 1625. Tilted in Barriers.

Chandos, Baron. See Brydges, Grey.

Charles, Prince. See Stuart, Prince Charles.

Clifton, Sir Gervase (1587–1667), of Clifton, Nottinghamshire. KB 1603. High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, 1610. Baronet 1611. MP 1614, 1621–8, 1640. A wealthy royalist. Married seven times, including Penelope Rich (d. 1613), daughter of Robert, Baron Rich, and Frances Clifford (d. 1627), cousin to Anne Clifford (see below). Probably played Fifth Gypsy in Gypsies.

Compton, William, second Lord Compton (d. 1630). Created Earl of Northampton 1618. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Spencer, Lord Mayor of London, 1594. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Constable, Sir William (d. 1613). Knighted by second Earl of Essex, 1599, and involved in his rebellion, though pardoned. Fought on the continent; died at Brill. His namesake, the regicide (d. 1655), was a younger kinsman. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Crichton, Robert, sixth Lord Sanquhar (1568–1612). A Scottish Catholic who performed diplomatic services in Scotland, and had rights of attendance in the Bedchamber, 1603. In 1604 he lost an eye in a match with John Turner, a fencing master, at Lord Norris's house. Eight years later he hired two assassins to murder Turner. Sanquhar was taken, tried, and hanged by a silken rope before the gate of Westminster Hall. Masquer in Haddington.

Cromwell, Sir Oliver (c. 1566–1655) of Hinchinbrook, Huntingdonshire. Knighted, 1598; KB and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1603; Sheriff of Huntingdon and Cambridge; entertained James lavishly at Hinchinbrook. Great-uncle of the Lord Protector, but fought for the King in the Civil War. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers) and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Dallison, Sir Roger (d. 1622?) of Laughton, Lincolnshire. Sheriff of Lincoln 1601, knighted 1603, baronet 1611. Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, 1613. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

D'Aubigny, Lord. See Stuart, Esmé.

Devereux, Robert, third Earl of Essex (1591–1646). Son to the second Earl of Essex, executed 1601. Restored to favour by James, and made a page to Prince Henry. Hym. celebrated his marriage to Frances Howard, 1606, who later became mistress to James's favourite, Robert Carr. Marriage annulled, 1613. Joined the English forces in Germany, 1620–4. General for parliament 1643–44. Tilted in Barriers; masqued in Gold. Age.

Digby, Sir John (1580–1653). Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and royal carver, 1605. Knighted 1607; Baron Digby of Sherborne 1618, Earl of Bristol 1622. As ambassador at Madrid, 1610–18 and 1622–4, he was intimately involved in Prince Charles's proposed Spanish marriage, and was blamed by Buckingham for its failure. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers) and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Dimmock, Master. Possibly a son, or one of the five half-brothers, of Sir Charles Dimmock (b. 1589), Charles I's champion at his coronation in 1626. A wealthy and well-connected Lincolnshire dynasty, the Dimmocks were hereditary royal champions, charged with the honour of making the ceremonial challenge in defence of the king's title. Alternatively, there is his cousin, Cressy Dymock (d. 1660), son of Sir Thomas Dymocke (b. 1589), who entered Gray's Inn in 1629, and later became an agrarian reformer, associated with the Hartlib circle. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Dormer, Robert (c. 1610–43). A wealthy Buckinghamshire Catholic who, at his father's death in 1616, became ward to Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Herbert married him to his daughter, Anna Sophia (see below), in 1625. Created Earl of Carnarvon, 1628. An active royalist; killed at the battle of Newbury. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Dorset, Earl of. See Sackville, Richard.

Drury, Sir Robert (1575–1615), of Hawsted, Suffolk. Knighted by Essex, 1591, and accompanied him to Rouen, Cadiz, and Ireland. MP for Suffolk, 1604; had a free gift of £500 from the crown, 1608. A patron of John Donne, who travelled to Europe with him, 1611–12, and wrote the Anniversaries in memory of his daughter. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Dutton, Sir Thomas (d. 1614), of Dutton, Cheshire. Knighted 1603; Sheriff of Cheshire 1611. His son acted in the amateur court show Tom of Bedlam, 1618. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Effingham, Lord. See Howard, William.

Erskine, James (d. 1640). Son to John Erskine, second Earl of Mar, by his second wife, Mary Stuart (a cousin to the King, and sister of Esmé Stuart, Seigneur d'Aubigny). Half-brother of John Erskine (below). Married Mary Douglas, Countess of Buchan, 1615, and by her right became sixth Earl of Buchan. Masquer in Haddington, at which time he was aged fourteen at most.

Erskine, John (c. 1585–1653). Son to John Erskine, second Earl of Mar (a major Scottish magnate and brother-in-law to Aubigny; he became keeper to Prince Henry, and Treasurer of Scotland, 1616). John Erskine the younger was made KB, 1610, and Privy Counsellor, 1616. Earl of Mar 1634. Joined the Covenanters, 1638, but returned to the royal party 1641. Half-brother of James Erskine (see above). Masquer in Haddington.

Essex, Earl of. See Devereux, Robert.

Feilding, Lord William (c. 1587–1643), of Newnham Paddox, Warwickshire. Married Susan Villiers in 1606. Promoted rapidly following the emergence of his brother-in-law, George Villiers, as royal favourite. Viscount Feilding, 1620; Earl of Denbigh, 1622. Master of the Great Wardrobe and Gentleman of the Bedchamber, 1622. Rear-Admiral, 1625; Vice-Admiral 1627. Fought at Edgehill for the King, 1643, and subsequently died of wounds sustained there. Played Second Gypsy in Gypsies.

Gerard, Thomas, Baron Gerard (c. 1564–1618), of Gerard's Bromley, Staffordshire. Soldier, courtier, and follower of the second Earl of Essex. Captain of the Isle of Man 1595; Knight Marshal 1597. Baronage 1603; Lord President of the Council of the Marches, 1617. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Gerrard, Sir Thomas (1560–1621), of Bryn, Lancaster. Knighted 1603, baronet 1611 (as a free gift in recognition of his father's sufferings in the cause of Mary, Queen of Scots). Danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607, as a ‘pensioner’; called ‘an old dancing courtier’ by Chamberlain (1939, 1.230). Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Goodere, Sir Henry (c. 1571–1627), of Polesworth, Warwickshire. Knighted 1599; Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1605. Danced in the Masque of Indian and China Knights, 1604. Addressee of Epigr. 85; friend of John Donne; patron of Michael Drayton. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Goring, Sir George (c. 1583–1663). Knighted in 1608, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1611; Lieutenant of the Gentlemen Pensioners, 1614. With Lord Hay in France, 1616 (see Auchmouty, above). Envoy in the French marriage negotiations, 1624–5, Vice-Chamberlain to Henrietta Maria, 1626, and her Master of Horse, 1628. First Earl of Norwich (1644). In exile for much of 1643–60, except for service in the second Civil War. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607, Tom o'Bedlam, 1618, the Salisbury show, 1620, the Running Masque, 1619–20, and Gargantua and Gargamella, 1626. Tilted in Barriers; masquer in Lovers MM.

Goring, Master George (1608–57). Son to Sir George Goring (above). Married Lettice Boyle, daughter to the wealthy Earl of Cork, 1629, but rapidly ran through her dowry, and turned to a career of soldiering in Holland, 1633–9. Fought in royalist campaigns 1642–5; commander of western forces 1645. In exile after 1646, he died destitute in Madrid. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Grey, Sir John (d. 1611), of Pirgo, Essex. Fought in the Netherlands with Leicester, and knighted by Essex, 1596. Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1603. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Gunteret, Henry. A German, knighted in 1608; variously named as ‘Goterant’, ‘Contherant’, and ‘Gunderrot’ (H&S, 10.433). Rode in the Accession Day tilt, 1607. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Hamilton, James, second Marquis of Hamilton (1589–1625). Created Marquis and Earl of Arran, 1604; Earl of Cambridge, 1619. Privy Counsellor, 1617; Gentleman of the Bedchamber, 1621; Lord Steward of the Household, 1624. A cousin of the King, he was one of James's close Scottish friends. Masqued in Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Hamilton, James, third Marquis of Hamilton (1606–49). Eldest son to James Hamilton (above). Married Mary Feilding, 1622, daughter of Lord Feilding (above) and hence kin to Buckingham; Gentleman of the Prince's Bedchamber, 1624. In 1628 Hamilton succeeded Buckingham as Master of Horse, and thereafter was the leading Scot at the Caroline court, a close friend and adviser to King Charles. A key figure in civil war politics, he was executed in 1649. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Hay, Sir James, Earl of Carlisle (c. 1580–1636). A Scottish favourite of both James and Charles. Gentleman of the Bedchamber, 1603, Master of the Robes 1605; Groom of the Stool, 1631. Created Baron Hay, 1615; Viscount Doncaster, 1618; Earl of Carlisle, 1622. Notorious for his prodigality at the Wardrobe. He led an extravagant embassy to France, 1616, and staged Jonson's Lovers MM for the French ambassador, 1617. Lord Hay's Masque was danced for his first marriage, 1607, to Honora Denny. His second wife (married 1617) was Lucy Percy (see below). He danced in The Lords’ Masque and The Masque of Squires, 1613, and staged the Essex House masque, 1621. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge. Masqued in Hym., Haddington, and Love's Tr.

Hay, Sir James (c. 1612–60). Second Earl of Carlisle, and son of James Hay (above). Married Margaret Russell, daughter of the fourth Earl of Bedford, 1632. He danced in Albion's Triumph, 1632, The Temple of Love, 1635, Britannia Triumphans, 1638, Luminalia, 1638, and Salmacida Spolia, 1640. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Henry, Prince. See Stuart, Prince Henry Frederick.

Herbert, Philip, first Earl of Montgomery, and fourth Earl of Pembroke (1584–1650). With his elder brother William, third Earl of Pembroke, a leading English courtier. He was James I's earliest English favourite, at first the only English Gentleman in the Bedchamber. He had a reputation for gambling, hunting, and irascibility, but was also an active patron of poets and artists. Succeeded to his brother's post of Lord Chamberlain in 1630. Danced in The Masque of Indian and China Knights, 1604, The Lords’ Masque and The Masque of Squires, 1613. Tilted in Barriers, and Challenge; masquer in Haddington, Vision, Pleasure Rec., Wales, and Love's Tr.

Herbert, William, third Earl of Pembroke (1580–1630). A major figure at James's court, Pembroke was close to the King from 1603, and eventually became leader of the anti-Somerset faction. Lord Chamberlain, 1615; thereafter maintained an uneasy relationship with the favourite, Buckingham. A leading literary patron and a supporter of Jonson, who dedicated Cat. and Epigr. to him; see also Epigr. 102. Danced in the Masque of Squires, 1613. Tilted in Challenge; masquer in Haddington.

Herbert, Sir William (1573–1656), of Powys Castle, Montgomeryshire. Son of Sir Edward Herbert, the second son of William, first Earl of Pembroke. Created KB 1603; Baron Powys 1639. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Holland, Earl of. See Rich, Henry.

Houghton, Sir Gilbert (1591–1647). Son of Sir Richard Houghton (below). Knighted 1604. A member of Lord Hay's embassy to France, 1616 (see Auchmouty, above); King's carver in the Scottish progress, 1617. MP for Lancashire, 1614, 1621; Sheriff of Lancashire, 1643. Masquer in Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Houghton, Sir Richard (1570–1630), of Houghton Hall, Lancashire. Sheriff of Lancashire, 1598; knighted 1599; created baronet 1611. Entertained James lavishly at Houghton, 1617, on his journey back from Edinburgh. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Howard, Sir Charles (1579–1642). Second son of the Earl of Nottingham. Keeper of Windsor Great Park, 1601; knighted 1603. Styled Lord Howard after 1615; second Earl of Nottingham 1624. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Howard, Sir Charles (d. 1622). Fourth son of the Earl of Suffolk. Masqued in the Masque of Squires, 1613 and the Caversham Entertainment, 1614. Tilted in Prince Henry's Barriers; masquer in Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Howard, Sir Edward (1579–1620) of Great Bookham, Surrey. Grandson of first Baron Howard. Cupbearer to James, 1603. Seneschal of Hampton Court, 1609. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Howard, Sir Francis (d. 1651), of Great Bookham. Younger brother of Sir Edward Howard (above). Knighted 1604. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Howard, Henry (d. 1616). Third son of the Earl of Suffolk. In Accession Day tilts, 1612, 1613, 1615. Insulted third Earl of Essex and challenged to a duel, 1613. Lieutenant of the Gentlemen Pensioners, 1614. Danced in The Masque of Squires, 1613, and the Caversham Entertainment, 1614. Tilted in Challenge.

Howard, Theophilus, Lord Walden (1584–1640). Eldest son to the first Earl of Suffolk, whom he succeeded in 1626. Lieutenant (1605), then Captain (1614) of the Gentleman Pensioners. Involved in the Virginia Company; present at the siege of Juliers, 1610; Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Northumberland, 1614–39. After his father's fall from power, he became a close ally of Buckingham, but later career clouded by debts. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque 1607, The Lords’ Masque, Masque of Squires, and Caversham Entertainment, 1613. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), Prince Henry's Barriers, and Challenge; masqued in Hym. and Haddington.

Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey (1585–1646). His father, the thirteenth Earl, died in the Tower, attainted and with his estates forfeit, in 1595. Arundel recovered his titles in 1604, benefiting from the Howard family's high standing under James, and the influence of his uncles, Nottingham and Northampton. KG 1611. Toured abroad (initially with Inigo Jones) 1613–15, and developed a famous collection of art and antiquities; became a major artistic patron. Privy Counsellor 1616; Earl Marshal 1621. Left England 1642 and died in exile. Masquer and tilter in Hym.; danced in Haddington; tilted in Barriers. His fortune is told in Gypsies.

Howard, Sir Thomas (c. 1590–1669). Second son of the Earl of Suffolk. KB 1605; Master of Horse to Prince Charles, 1614. Viscount Andover, 1622; Earl of Berkshire, 1626. Danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607, The Lords’ Masque and Masque of Squires, 1613, and The Caversham Entertainment, 1614. Tilted in Challenge; masqued in Hym., Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Howard, William, Lord Effingham (1577–1615). Eldest son of James's Lord Admiral, the Earl of Nottingham. Knighted at Cadiz, 1596. His wife masqued in Blackness (see below). Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Howard, Sir William. Probably the second son of the Earl of Arundel, KB 1626. He is named on the ecclesiastical commission, 1633, and the commission for restricting building, 1634. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Irwin, Sir William. A Scot. Sworn as a Gentleman Usher of the Prince's Privy Chamber, 1613, (Birch, 1849, 1.257); John Chamberlain (1939), 2.220–1, calls him as ‘a kind of dancing schoolmaster to Prince Henry’. In 1619, Anne Clifford (1990, 69) reported Lord Sheffield had married his daughter, Mariana, ‘a very mean match, and undiscreet on the part of him’. Masquer in Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Kennedy, Sir John (d. c. 1623). A favourite Scottish attendant of James I, he was naturalized in 1603, and married Elizabeth Brydges, heir of Giles Brydges, third Baron Chandos, despite opposition from her cousin, Grey Brydges, fifth Baron Chandos (see above). He acquired estates in Surrey and became known as Sir John Kennedy of Barn Elms, but died heavily in debt (Keith Brown, personal communication). Masquer in Haddington.

Kerr [Karre, Carr], Sir Robert (1578–1654), of Ancrum. A Scot, and a cousin to the royal favourite, Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset. Groom of the Bedchamber to Prince Henry, 1604; Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1608; Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Prince Charles, 1613. Described by Chamberlain (1939, 1.510) as ‘great and powerful about the . . . prince’. Briefly imprisoned during the investigations into the Overbury murder, 1616, he married a daughter of the Earl of Derby, 1621, and followed Charles to Spain in 1623. Created Earl of Ancrum in 1633; Keeper of the Privy Purse, 1633–9. Masquer in Merc. Vind., Pleasure Rec., and Wales.

Killigrew, Sir Robert (1579–1633). Son to Elizabeth's Treasurer of the Chamber; half-brother to Sir John Leigh (below). Knighted 1603. A close friend of Somerset and Overbury, he was questioned over Overbury's murder. Sat as MP for several Cornish boroughs; Constable of Pendennis Castle 1614; Vice-Chamberlain to Henrietta Maria, 1630. Father of the playwright Thomas Killigrew. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Lanier, Nicholas (1588–1666). Court musician; a composer, lutenist, and singer, he also became known as an artistic connoisseur and helped Charles and Buckingham develop their collections. Master of the King's Music from 1626. He wrote music for Campion's Masque of Squires, and for Vision, Augurs, and Lovers MM (for which he also designed the set and costumes). He probably played the Jackman in Gypsies.

Leigh, Sir John (c. 1575–1612) of Coldrey, Hants. Half-brother to Sir Robert Killigrew (above). Knighted by second Earl of Essex at Cadiz, 1596, and joined him in Ireland, though not in the rebellion. MP for Cornish boroughs. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Lennox, Duke of. See Stuart, Ludovick.

Manners, Francis, sixth Earl of Rutland (1578–1632). Imprisoned after the Essex revolt. KB 1605. Succeeded the fifth Earl, his older brother, in 1612. KG 1616; Privy Counsellor 1617. Buckingham married his daughter, Katherine, in 1620. A frequent rider in Accession Day tilts. Tilted in Challenge; possibly danced in Irish. Hosted Gypsies at Belvoir.

Mansell [Maunsell], Sir Lewis (c. 1584–1638). Son of Sir Thomas Mansell of Margam, Glamorganshire; nephew of Sir Robert Mansell (below). Knighted 1603; baronet 1631. Married Katherine Sidney, daughter to the first Earl of Leicester. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Mansell [Maunsell], Sir Robert (1570/1–1652). Younger son of Sir Edward Mansell of Margam, Glamorganshire; uncle to Sir Lewis Mansell. Followed a naval career; knighted by Essex at Cadiz, 1596. Vice-Admiral of the Narrow Seas, 1597; active in arresting Essex's supporters, 1601. As Treasurer of the Navy and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, 1604, he attached himself to Prince Henry. Vice-Admiral of England, 1618. He greatly profited from the Treasurership, but survived several investigations. His second wife, Elizabeth Roper, was Maid of Honour to Queen Anne. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Mansfield, Viscount. See Cavendish, William.

Monson, Sir Thomas (1564–1641) of South Carlton, Lincolnshire. Knighted 1597. A client of the Howards, he became Master Falconer, Chancellor to Queen Anne, and Master of the Armoury at the Tower. Baronet, 1611. Indicted as accessory to Overbury's murder, he was imprisoned 1615–16, but pardoned. Returned to minor offices in the provinces. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Montgomery, Earl of. See Herbert, Philip.

Mounteagle, Lord. See Parker, William.

Newcastle, Earl of. See Cavendish, William.

Newport, Earl of. See Blount, Mountjoy.

Norris, Lord Francis (1579–1622), of Rycot. Succeeded his grandfather as Baron Norris, 1601; KB 1605; Earl of Berkshire, 1620. Danced in the Masque of Squires, 1613. Disgraced after insulting Lord Scrope in Prince Charles's presence, 1621; committed suicide. Tilted in Challenge.

North, Dudley, fourth Baron North (1582–1666). Succeeded his grandfather as Baron North, 1600. Discovered the waters at Tunbridge Wells, 1606. Hurt in a tilt, 1612; danced in The Lord's Masque and Caversham Entertainment, 1613. Remembered as an amateur poet and musician. Moderate parliamentarian 1642–8, strong royalist thereafter. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Ogilby, John (1600–76). A professional dancing master, who became manager of the Werburgh Street theatre, Dublin (1633–41). Subsequently important as a translator and publisher, of Virgil, Homer, and Aesop, and as a cartographer. Wrote coronation entertainment for Charles II, 1661. Performed in Gypsies, during which (John Aubrey claims) he was lamed.

Palmer, Humphrey. Probably a minor courtier; his expenses for masque costume were partially underwritten by the crown. Masquer in News NW, Pan's Ann., and Augurs.

Palmer, Sir Roger (1577–1657). Second son of Sir Thomas Palmer (a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, d. 1626). Cupbearer to Prince Henry and Prince Charles; became Master of Charles's household. KB 1626. Mentioned as ‘the admirablest dancer of this time’ (H&S, 10.437). Chamberlain (1939, 2.128) calls him one of the ‘dancing companions’. Masquer in Pleasure Rec. and Wales.

Parker, William, Lord Mounteagle (1575–1622). Catholic peer, knighted by Essex, 1599, and involved in Essex's rebellion, for which he was briefly imprisoned. Famous for the letter he received in 1605 which he took to the King and led to the exposure of the Gunpowder Plot. Addressee of Epigr. 60. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), and Prince Henry's Barriers.

Pembroke, Earl of. See Herbert, William.

Porter, Endymion (1587–1649). Master of Horse and Spanish secretary to Buckingham, 1617. Married Buckingham's niece, Olive Boteler, 1619. Groom of Bedchamber to Prince Charles, 1621. Accompanied Charles and Buckingham to Spain in 1623. He became an important patron of poets and painters. In exile 1645–9. Played the Third Gypsy in Gypsies; the bills for the masque are written in his hand.

Preston, Sir Richard (d. 1628). A Scot, and Gentleman of the Bedchamber to James. KB 1604; instructor in arms to Prince Henry. Created Lord Dingwall (in the Scottish peerage) 1609, and Earl of Desmond (in the Irish peerage) 1619. A frequent tilter; danced in Lord Hay's Masque, 1607. Tilted in Barriers and Challenge.

Radcliffe, Robert, sixth Earl of Sussex (1573–1629). Courtier and Earl Marshal under Elizabeth, and knighted by Essex at Cadiz, 1596; imprisoned after Essex's rebellion but quickly restored to favour. Under James, he became Lord Lieutenant of Essex, but fell into financial and domestic difficulties. Haddington celebrates his daughter's marriage to a Scottish favourite, John Ramsay. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Ralegh, Carew (1606–66). Third son of Sir Walter Ralegh, born in the Tower during his father's imprisonment. He was restored to the privileges of birth (forfeited by his father) in 1628, on condition of renouncing his familial estates in Dorset. Married Phillippa Shelton, the widow of Sir Anthony Ashley, c. 1629. Gentleman of the Privy Chamber 1635. A royalist in the 1640s, he nonetheless sat in the Rump parliament. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Reynolds, Sir Carey [Carew Reynell] (c. 1563–1624). With Essex at Cadiz, and knighted by him in Ireland, 1599; captain of Duncannon Castle, Wexford. Imprisoned after the Essex rebellion but exonerated. Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber to James. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Rich, Henry, Earl of Holland (1590–1649). Second son of Robert, Baron Rich and Penelope Devereux, daughter to the second Earl of Essex; brother to Robert Rich (below). KB 1610; a member of Lord Hay's Paris embassy (see Auchmouty, above), and Gentleman of the Prince's Bedchamber, 1616. Baron Kensington 1623, Earl of Holland 1624. Negotiated Charles's marriage to Henrietta Maria. Chancellor of Cambridge University 1628. As Henrietta Maria's High Steward, he became a central figure in her circle. In the 1640s he changed sides several times, and was eventually executed. He danced in The Lords’ Masque, The Caversham Entertainment, 1613, The Masque of the Twelve Months, 1619, Gargantua and Gargamella, 1626, Albion's Triumph, 1632, and Coelum Britannicum, 1634. Masquer in Lovers MM and Love's Tr. Jonson wrote verses for him and his brother to present at a tilt (4.215).

Rich, Sir Robert, second Earl of Warwick (1587–1658). Eldest son of Robert, Baron Rich, and Penelope Devereux; brother to Henry Rich. Succeeded to the earldom, 1619. Heavily involved in American colonization, and with privateering expeditions against the Spanish, giving him strong puritan connections and leading to conflict with Buckingham. A major magnate in Essex, he was one of Charles I's most visible aristocratic opponents, and became admiral for parliament. His grandson and heir married Cromwell's daughter. Masquer in Haddington; Jonson wrote verses for him and his brother to present at a tilt.

Rutland, Earl of. See Manners, Francis.

Sackville, Edward, fourth Earl of Dorset (1591–1652). Brother to Richard Sackville, third Earl of Dorset (below), and to Cicely Sackville (below). Killed Lord Kinloss in a duel near Bergen-op-Zoom in September 1613, forcing Sackville temporarily into hiding; special permission had to be sought for him to perform in the tilt for the second marriage of his cousin, Frances Howard (see Masque Archive, Challenge, 11). KB 1616. Became Earl, 1624; Privy Counsellor, 1626. As Lord Chamberlain to Henrietta Maria 1628, he was a major figure in her household. A moderate royalist in the 1640s. Jonson addressed Und. 13 to him. Tilted in Challenge, masquer in Lovers MM.

Sackville, Richard, third Earl of Dorset (1589–1624). Son to Robert Sackville, second Earl of Dorset (d. 1609); grandson of Elizabeth's Lord Treasurer, Thomas Sackville (d. 1608); brother to Edward Sackville (above): a wealthy and powerful court dynasty. Frances Howard was his cousin; his sister, Cicely Sackville, masqued in Hymenaei. He tilted in Challenge.

Sanquhar, Lord. See Crichton, Robert.

Scrope [Scroop], Emmanuel (1584–1630). Eleventh and last Baron Scrope of Bolton Castle, Wensleydale. Married Elizabeth Manners, daughter of the fourth Earl of Rutland c. 1609. Lord President of the Council in the North 1618; Earl of Sunderland 1627. Danced in The Masque of Squires. Tilted in Challenge.

Somerset, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester (1553–1628). A leading courtier and Privy Counsellor. Helped to indict Essex, 1601. Earl Marshal, 1603; Master of the Horse, 1604; Commissioner for the Treasury, 1612; Lord Privy Seal, 1615. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers). His fortune is told in Gypsies.

Somerset, Sir Thomas (d. 1632). Third son of William Somerset, Earl of Worcester (a leading courtier). Sent to Scotland as the official messenger to announce Elizabeth's death to James. KB 1605; Master of Horse to Queen Anne. Viscount Somerset of Cashel, 1626. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), Prince Henry's Barriers, and Challenge; masquer in Hym.

Southampton, Earl of. See Wriothesley, Henry.

Spencer, John (1590–1610). Eldest son of Sir Robert Spencer (first Baron Spencer of Wormleighton, 1570–1627, a wealthy Midlands landowner and sheep-farmer). Presented to Queen Anne in Althorp.

Stanley, James, Lord Strange (1607–51). Eldest son of William, sixth Earl of Derby. KB 1626; married Charlotte de la Tremoille (see below), granddaughter of William the Silent; succeeded as seventh Earl, 1642. As Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire, he was a trusty administrator, but opposed the crown on ecclesiastical issues in parliament 1640–1. Notwithstanding, he became a vigorous royalist, and was executed after the Battle of Worcester. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Stanley, Sir Robert (d. 1632). Second son of William, sixth Earl of Derby. Created KB 1626, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Arthur Gorges. Masquer in Love's Tr.

Stuart, Prince Charles (1600–49). Second son of James I and Anne of Denmark. Invested as Prince of Wales 1616. Visited Madrid in unsuccessful attempt to court the Infanta Maria, 1623. Succeeded to the throne, and married Henrietta Maria, 1625. Chief masquer in Pleasure Rec., Wales, News NW, Pan's Ann., Augurs, Time Vind., Neptune, Fort. Isles, and Love's Tr.

Stuart, Esmé, Seigneur d'Aubigny and third Duke of Lennox (1579–1624). Son to James's cousin and former favourite, Esmé, first Duke of Lennox (d. 1583), and younger brother to Ludovick Stuart, second Duke of Lennox (see below). As a cousin of the King, and one of six Gentlemen of the Bedchamber, Aubigny was highly influential in James's inner circle, and received lavish royal gifts. He briefly became third Duke of Lennox (1623–4). Jonson lodged with him for five years, and dedicated Sejanus to him. He masqued in Haddington.

Stuart, Prince Henry Frederick (1594–1612). Eldest son of James I and Queen Anne. A major artistic and political patron, whose household drew together many aspiring courtiers. Created Prince of Wales, 1610. His early death from typhoid fever radically changed the complexion of Jacobean Whitehall. Tilted in Barriers; principal masquer in Oberon and Love Rest.

Stuart, Ludovick, second Duke of Lennox (1574–1624). Elder brother to Esmé Stuart (see above), Lennox was a close relative of the King and the premier Scot at the Jacobean court. In Scotland he was governor of the kingdom during James's time in Denmark. In England he was appointed Privy Counsellor and First Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and created Earl of Richmond, 1613, a title advanced to a dukedom in 1623. He danced in The Masque of Indian and China Knights, 1604, and Masque of Squires, 1613. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers), Prince Henry's Barriers, and Challenge; masquer in Haddington. His fortune is told in Gypsies.

Sussex, Earl of. See Radcliffe, Robert.

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628). The great royal favourite. He met James I in 1614, and quickly became Gentleman of the Bedchamber 1615, Master of Horse 1616, Viscount Villiers, 1616, then Earl (1617), Marquis (1618), and Duke (1623) of Buckingham. Privy Counsellor 1617; Admiral 1619. He was the dominant force at court during the years 1616–28. He survived impeachment in 1626, but was assassinated while preparing to lead troops to La Rochelle. Also significant as an art collector and patron. He danced in every Twelfth Night masque from 1615 to 1626, and played First Gypsy in Gypsies.

Villiers, John (c. 1591–1658). Older brother of George Villiers. Groom of the Bedchamber and Master of the Robes to Prince Charles, 1616. Created Viscount Purbeck, 1619. Married Frances, daughter of Sir Edward Coke, 1617, but the marriage broke down because of his mental instability. Probably played Fourth Gypsy in Gypsies.

Walden, Lord. See Howard, Theophilus.

Willoughby de Eresby, Robert Bertie, Lord (1582–1642). Succeeded to the title 1601. KB 1605; military service in Holland, 1624. Created Earl of Lindsey, 1626; Vice-Admiral at Rhé, 1626; Admiral of the Ship Money fleet, 1636. Lieutenant-General of the King's army, 1642; killed at Edgehill. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers) and Prince Henry's Barriers; masqued in Hym., invited to tilt in Challenge but did not do so.

Woodhouse, Sir William. Knighted by Essex at Rouen, 1591, and commanded a regiment at Cadiz. Tilted in Hym. (Barriers).

Worcester, Earl of. See Somerset, Edward.

Wray, Edward (d. 1658). Younger son of Sir William Wray (d. 1617), of Glentworth, Lincolnshire. He became Groom of the Bedchamber, but lost his post in 1622 when he eloped with the daughter of Lord Berkshire, who had been promised as wife to Kit Villiers. Masqued in Augurs, his expenses being partly paid by the crown.

Wriothesley, Henry, third Earl of Southampton (1573–1624). A close friend of the second Earl of Essex, condemned to death after the rebellion, and imprisoned 1601–3. Restored to favour by James, but never achieved significant office. Involved in colonial ventures; treasurer of the Virginia Company, 1620. Privy Counsellor 1619; died while campaigning in the Netherlands. An important literary patron; dedicatee of Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. Tilted in Barriers; masquer in Oberon.

Zinzen [Zinzan], Henry and Sigismund. See Alexander, Henry and Sigismund.

Women

Anne [of Denmark], Queen. See Stuart, Queen Anne.

Arundel, Countess of. See Howard, Aletheia.

Bedford, Countess of. See Russell, Lucy.

Berkeley, Lady Elizabeth [née Carey] (1576–1635). Daughter of Sir George Carey, second Baron Hunsdon; her mother, Elizabeth Carey (née Spencer) was an important patron to Spenser and Dowland. Married Sir Thomas Berkeley (1575–1611), son of Henry, seventh Lord Berkeley, 1595; later married Sir Thomas Chamberlain. Patron to Nashe and Camden, and created a large library. Masquer in Hym.

Berkshire, Countess of. See Howard, Elizabeth.

Bevill, Lady Frances [ née Knyvet] (d. 1605). Daughter of Henry Knyvet of Charlton, Wiltshire, and widow of Sir William Bevill (d. 1600) of Killygarth, Cornwall. Married Francis Manners, later sixth Earl of Rutland, 1602, a prominent courtier, but died of smallpox shortly after. Her daughter, Katherine Manners (1603–49), later married the royal favourite, George Villiers. Masquer in Blackness.

Blount, Anne [ née Boteler], Countess of Newport (d. 1669). Daughter of Sir John Boteler, first Baron Boteler, and Elizabeth Villiers (sister to Buckingham); Olivia Porter was her sister (see below). In 1627, she married Mountjoy Blount (created Earl of Newport 1628; see above), the illegitimate son of Charles Blount and Penelope Rich [née Devereux]. In 1637, her very public conversion to Catholicism created a sensation. Masquer in Tempe Restored 1632, The Temple of Love 1635, Luminalia 1638, and Salmacida Spolia 1640. Masquer in Chlor.

Carlisle, Countess of. See Hay, Lucy.

Carnarvon, Countess of. See Dormer, Anna Sophia.

Cary, Sophia. Daughter of Sir George Carew [Cary], ambassador to France and Master of the Wards (d. 1612). Maid of Honour to Henrietta Maria. Danced in Tempe Restored 1632, the Shrovetide masque 1633, and (possibly) Salmacida Spolia 1640; acted in The Shepherds’ Paradise 1632 (Poynting, 2003; Ravelhofer, 1999, 83). Masquer in Chlor.

Cavendish, Lady Anne (1611–38). Daughter of William Cavendish, second Earl of Devonshire. Married Robert, Lord Rich, first son of Robert, second Earl of Warwick, 1632. Danced in Tempe Restored, 1632. Masquer in Chlor.

Cecil, Catherine [ née Howard], Lady Cranborne (d. 1673). Daughter of Thomas Howard, first Earl of Suffolk, and sister to Lady Knollys and the Countess of Essex and Somerset. Married William Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (1591–1668) in 1608. He became Earl of Salisbury in 1612. Masquer in Queens; with the Countess of Essex, refused to be taken out to dance in Love Rest.

Chichester, Lady Frances [ née Harington] (d. 1615). Daughter of John, first Baron Harington of Exton, and sister to Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. She married Sir Robert Chichester of Rawleigh, Devon (elder brother to Baron Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland). Masquer in Beauty.

Clifford, Lady Anne, Countess of Dorset and Pembroke (1590–1676). Daughter of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, she married (1) Richard Sackville, Lord Buckhurst (1589–1624; later Earl of Dorset) in 1609; and (2) Philip Herbert, fourth Earl of Pembroke in 1630. Her early life was dominated by her attempts to recover the inheritance which her father had bequeathed to his brother, the fourth Earl of Cumberland; the eventual acquisition of these landholdings made her a powerful figure in the north of England. Her Diary gives important information about the Jacobean court. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty, and Queens; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Cranborne, Lady. See Cecil, Catherine.

Derby, Countess of. See Stanley, Elizabeth.

Devereux, Frances [ née Howard, later Carr], Countess of Essex [and subsequently Somerset] (1590–1632). Daughter of the first Earl of Suffolk. Married Robert, third Earl of Essex, 1606. Became involved with the royal favourite, Robert Carr, and her first marriage was annulled. Married Carr, who was promoted to Earl of Somerset, 1613. In 1615 it emerged that she had procured the murder of Carr's friend, Sir Thomas Overbury, and the couple were disgraced and put on trial. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Queens; with her sister Lady Cranborne, refused to be taken out to dance at Love Rest., Hym., Challenge, and Irish were devised for her two marriages.

Devereux, Penelope, Lady Rich (1563–1607). Daughter of the first Earl of Essex. The ‘Stella’ of Sidney's sonnets. Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth. She married Robert, Lord Rich, in 1581, but lived openly with Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy (1563–1606), by whom she had six children. Divorced 1605, and married Blount. Lady of the Drawing Chamber to Queen Anne, in the Queen's closest circle. Danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604. Masquer in Blackness.

Dormer, Anna Sophia [ née Herbert], Countess of Carnarvon (c. 1610–43). Eldest daughter of Philip Herbert, fourth Earl of Pembroke; in 1625, married to his ward, Robert Dormer (created Earl of Carnarvon, 1628; see above). Danced in Tempe Restored, 1632, The Temple of Love, 1635, Luminalia, 1638, and Salmacida Spolia, 1640. Masqued in Chlor.

Dorset, Countess of. See Clifford, Lady Anne.

Dudley, Anne. Chief Lady of Honour to Princess Elizabeth; accompanied her to Heidelberg. Danced in The Lords’ Masque, 1613. Expected to masque in Love Freed.

Effingham, Lady. See Howard, Anne.

Egerton, Lady Frances [ née Stanley] (1583–1636). Second daughter of Ferdinando Stanley, fifth Earl of Derby (d. 1594), and Alice Spencer, a prominent court lady and literary patron; sister of Elizabeth Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon (below). Her stepfather was James's Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Egerton, Baron Ellesmere. In 1601 she married her stepbrother, John Egerton (1579–1649), future Earl of Bridgewater, Privy Counsellor and President of the Council in the Marches of Wales. She became a book-collector and literary patron. Milton's Comus was written for the children of her family. Expected to masque in Love Freed.

Egerton, Lady Penelope (b. 1610). Sixth daughter of John Egerton, first Earl of Bridgewater, and Lady Frances Egerton (above). She married Sir Robert Napier of Luton Hoo, Bedfordshire. Masquer in Chlor.

Elizabeth, Princess. See Stuart, Princess Elizabeth.

Essex, Countess of. See Devereux, Frances.

Gerard, Lady Elizabeth [ née Woodford] (d. 1624). Daughter of Robert Woodford of Brightwell, Buckinghamshire. Second wife of Thomas, Baron Gerard of Gerard's Bromley (see above). Masquer in Beauty.

Grey, Lady Elizabeth [ née Talbot] (1582–1651). Daughter of Gilbert Talbot, seventh Earl of Shrewsbury; sister to the Countess of Arundel (above). In 1601 married Henry Grey (1583–1639), who became Earl of Kent. She was an important literary patron, to Selden, Cotton, Suckling, and Carew. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610; First Lady of the Bedchamber, 1617. Expected to masque in Love Freed.

Guildford, Lady Elizabeth [ née Somerset]. Eldest daughter of Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, and sister to Lady Petre, Lady Somerset, Lady Windsor, and Lady Winter (below). Married Sir Henry Guildford of Hemsted Place in Kent, in 1596, in a double ceremony with Lady Petre. Their betrothals were celebrated in Spenser's Prothalamium. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty and Queens.

Hastings, Lady Dorothy (b. 1579, d. before 1622). Second daughter of George, fourth Earl of Huntingdon. Married (1) Sir James Stuart, eldest son of Lord Blantyre, killed in a duel 1609; (2) Robert Dillon, Earl of Roscommon (d. 1642). Danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604. Masquer in Hym.

Hastings, Elizabeth [ née Stanley], Countess of Huntingdon (1587–1633). Youngest daughter of Ferdinando Stanley, fifth Earl of Derby and his wife, Alice (a prominent court lady and literary patron); sister to Lady Egerton (above). Married Henry Hastings, fifth Earl of Huntingdon (1586–1643) in 1601. An important patron to Marston, Donne, and Fletcher. Masquer in Queens.

Hatton, Lady Elizabeth [ née Cecil] (1578–1646). Fourth daughter of Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, she married (1) Sir William Hatton (d. 1597); (2) Attorney-General Sir Edward Coke. Her marriage with Coke was poisoned by disputes over lands and children; she lived apart from him and continued to use her earlier title. Rode to Scotland in 1603 to greet Queen Anne, and danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, but failed to gain a place in her entourage and was refused a part in Blackness (Barroll, 2001, 48). Masquer in Beauty; her fortune is told in Gypsies.

Hay, Lucy [ née Percy], Countess of Carlisle (1599–1660). Daughter of the ninth Earl of Northumberland; married James Hay, first Earl of Carlisle, 1617. A leading lady at the Caroline court, who associated with powerful politicians, and was admired for her beauty, wit, and patronage of poets such as Waller. The King and Queen forbade her to stage a ‘Masque of Amazons’, 1617. She danced in Tempe Restored, 1632, but declined to dance in The Temple of Love, 1635. Masquer in Chlor.

Henrietta Maria, Queen. See Stuart, Queen Henrietta Maria.

Herbert, Lady Anne (1583–1606). Daughter of Henry, second Earl of Pembroke and his third wife, Mary Sidney; sister to the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery. She died unmarried. Masquer in Blackness.

Herbert, Susan [ née de Vere], Countess of Montgomery (1587–1629). Daughter of the seventeenth Earl of Oxford; sister of Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Derby (below). In 1604, married Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery and royal favourite, in a spectacular court wedding. Lady of the Drawing Chamber to Queen Anne. Danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604, and Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Jonson praises her in Epigr. 104. Masquer in Blackness, Beauty, Hym., and Queens; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Howard, Lady. Not certainly identified. Probably wife to Sir William Howard who danced in Love's Tr. Masquer in Chlor.

Howard, Aletheia [ née Talbot], Countess of Arundel (d. 1654). Daughter of the seventh Earl of Shrewsbury; sister to Lady Elizabeth Grey (above). Married Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, 1606, and actively shared his artistic interests and patronage. Accompanied Princess Elizabeth to Heidelberg, 1613; chief mourner in Queen Anne's funeral procession. Travelled in Italy, 1620–3; settled in Amsterdam 1641–54. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty and Queens.

Howard, Anne [ née St. John] (d. 1638). Daughter of John, second Baron St John of Bletso. Married William, Lord Howard of Effingham (d. 1615; see above), 1596. Masquer in Blackness.

Howard, Elizabeth [ née Cecil], Countess of Berkshire (d. 1672). Second daughter of William Cecil, second Earl of Exeter; married Thomas Howard (created Earl of Berkshire 1626), in 1614. Danced in The Temple of Love, 1635. Masquer in Chlor.

Howard, Lady Elizabeth (1586–1658). Daughter to the first Earl of Suffolk; sister to Catherine Cecil and the Countess of Essex. Married Sir William Knollys (c. 1545–1632; later Earl of Banbury), 1605; married Edward, fourth Lord Vaux five weeks after Knollys’ death. She and Vaux were both Catholics. Masquer in Blackness, Hym.

Howard, Frances. See Devereux, Frances.

Howard, Katherine [ née Knyvett], Countess of Suffolk (c. 1564–1638). Daughter of Sir Henry Knyvett of Charlton, Wiltshire. Married (1) Richard Rich (d. c. 1581); (2) Lord Thomas Howard (created first Earl of Suffolk, 1603) in 1583. Her husband was a leading member of the Jacobean court, and she became Lady of the Drawing Chamber to Queen Anne and Keeper of the Queen's Jewels. She and her husband were prosecuted for corruption in 1619, and imprisoned together. Her twelve children made many influential court marriages and appeared in numerous masques. She danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604, and in Blackness.

Huntingdon, Countess of. See Hastings, Elizabeth.

Knollys, Lady. See Howard, Lady Elizabeth.

Manners, Elizabeth [ née Sidney] Countess of Rutland (?1584–1612). Daughter of Sir Philip Sidney and Frances Walsingham; stepdaughter to the second Earl of Essex. In 1599, she married Roger Manners, fifth Earl of Rutland (1576–1612), who was involved in the Essex rising but restored to favour under James. As Jonson implicitly acknowledges (Forest 12), the marriage was not successful; see also Epigr. 79. Masquer in Hym.

Montgomery, Countess of. See Herbert, Susan.

Neville, Lady Mary [ née Sackville] (d. 1613). Daughter of Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset and Lord Treasurer (d. 1608). Married Sir Henry Neville (d. 1641), afterwards ninth Lord Abergavenny. Masquer in Beauty; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Newport, Countess of. See Blount, Anne.

Oxford, Countess of. See Vere, Diana de.

Petre, Lady Katherine [née Somerset] (1575/6–1624). Second daughter of the fourth Earl of Worcester. Sister to Lady Guildford (above), Lady Somerset, Lady Windsor, and Lady Winter (below). Married William, Baron Petre of Writtle (1575–1637) in 1596, in a double ceremony with Lady Guildford. Their betrothals were celebrated in Spenser's Prothalamium. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty.

Porter, Olivia [ née Boteler] (d. 1663). Daughter of Sir John Boteler and Elizabeth Villiers (sister to the favourite); Anne Blount, Countess of Newport (see above) was her sister. Married Endymion Porter, Buckingham's Master of Horse, in 1619. She converted to Catholicism in 1636, and scandalously converted other members of her family, including her sister. Masquer in Chlor.

Russell, Lucy [ née Harington], Countess of Bedford (1581–1627). Daughter of John, first Baron Harington of Exton; married Edward Russell, third Earl of Bedford, 1594. Became Lady of the Bedchamber and Queen Anne's closest English friend; after Anne's death, maintained a friendship with Princess Elizabeth at The Hague. A major patron of writers and artists, she was particularly close to Donne and Jonson (see Epigr. 76, 84, 94); she procured Daniel's commission for The Masque of the Twelve Goddesses and danced in it herself. Acted as hostess at Lovers MM; masquer in Blackness, Beauty, Hym., and Queens; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Rutland, Countess of. See Manners, Elizabeth.

Sackville, Cecily. Daughter of Robert Sackville, second Earl of Dorset; sister to the third Earl of Dorset and Edward Sackville (above). Married her stepbrother, Sir Henry Compton (c. 1584–c. 1649). Masquer in Hym.

Savage, Dorothy (c. 1611–91). Daughter of Viscount Savage, married Charles Howard, Viscount Andover (c. 1615–79; son of Sir Thomas Howard, above) in 1637. Also danced in The Temple of Love, 1635, and Salmacida Spolia. Masquer in Chlor.

Savage, Elizabeth (b. 1614). Sister of the preceding. Married Sir John Thimbleby of Irnham, Lincolnshire. Masquer in Chlor.

Sidney, Philip (1594–1620). Fourth daughter of Sir Robert Sidney, first Earl of Leicester, named Philip in memory of her uncle; sister to Lady Mary Wroth. Married Sir John Hobart (1593–1647), 1614. See Epigr. 114. Expected to masque in Love Freed.

Somerset, Lady Blanche (1583–1649). Sixth daughter of the Earl of Worcester, sister to Lady Guildford, Lady Petre (above), Lady Windsor, and Lady Winter (below). Married Thomas, second Baron Arundell of Wardour (c. 1566–1643), in 1607. Her heroic defence of Wardour Castle against parliamentarian attack became the stuff of royalist legend. Masquer in Hym.

Somerset, Countess of. See Devereux, Frances.

Stanley, Charlotte [ née de la Tremoille], Lady Strange (1599–1664). Daughter of Claude de la Trémoille, duc de Thouars, and granddaughter to William the Silent. In 1626, married James Stanley, Lord Strange, later seventh Earl of Derby (1642), a magnate in north-west England (see above). Masquer in Chlor.

Stanley, Elizabeth [ née de Vere], Countess of Derby (1575–1627). Daughter of seventeenth Earl of Oxford, and sister of Susan Herbert (above); married William Stanley, sixth Earl of Derby, in 1594. Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth, she became Lady of the Drawing Chamber to Queen Anne, one of the Queen's closest circle. Danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604, and Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Blackness, Beauty, and Queens; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Strange, Lady. See Stanley, Charlotte.

Stuart, Queen Anne [Anna, Anne of Denmark] (1574–1619). Daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway, and Sophia, daughter of Ulric III, Duke of Mecklenburg. Married James VI of Scotland, 1589; became Queen of England, 1603. A Catholic, she practised her faith in secret. Renowned for her patronage of artists, poets, and musicians, and for her interest in theatre and the Italian language. Danced in Daniel's Vision of the Twelve Goddesses (1604) and Tethys’ Festival (1610); principal masquer in Blackness, Beauty, Queens, and Love Freed.

Stuart, Lady Arabella [Arbella] (1575–1615). Only child of Charles Stuart, fifth Earl of Lennox, and Elizabeth Cavendish. A first cousin of King James. The lack of other royal relatives gave her a potential claim to the throne, which made it difficult for her to marry safely. Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth; under James she became carver to Queen Anne and godmother to Princess Mary. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610; two weeks later she secretly married and attempted to elope with William Seymour, who also had a remote claim to the throne. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where she died. Masquer in Beauty.

Stuart, Princess Elizabeth (1596–1662). Eldest and only surviving daughter of James I and Anne of Denmark. Married the Palatine Prince Frederick V, 1613, and lived at Heidelberg. Briefly Queen of Bohemia, 1619–20. She and her husband were ejected from their German territories; lived in exile and ultimately poverty at The Hague; returned to London 1661. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610; expected to masque in Love Freed.

Stuart, Queen Henrietta Maria (1609–69). Daughter of Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici. Married Charles I, 1625; her household was the centre of an important cultural and political network. Masquer in Chlor.

Suffolk, Countess of. See Howard, Catherine.

Vere, Diana de [ née Cecil], Countess of Oxford (1596–1654). Daughter of the second Earl of Exeter. In 1624, she married Henry de Vere, eighteenth Earl of Oxford, who died while campaigning in the Netherlands, 1625. There were no children. She danced in Tempe Restored, 1632, The Temple of Love, 1635, and Luminalia, 1638. Masquer in Chlor.

Vere, Susan, de. See Herbert, Susan.

Walsingham, Lady Audrey [ née Shelton] (d. 1624). Daughter of Sir Ralph Shelton of Shelton, Norfolk; married Sir Thomas Walsingham (1560–1630). Her husband was a nephew of Sir Francis Walsingham, and patron to Marlowe and Chapman. She accompanied Queen Anne from Scotland, and became a Lady of her Drawing Chamber. She and her husband were made Keepers of the Queen's Wardrobe; awarded a pension of £400. Danced in The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses, 1604. Masqued in Blackness and Beauty.

Weston, Anne (d. 1635). Daughter of Richard Weston (1577–1635; Charles I's Lord Treasurer, created Earl of Portland, 1633; see Und. 71) and his second wife, Frances Waldegrave. In 1632 she married Basil, Lord Feilding (later Earl of Denbigh; nephew to Buckingham; ambassador to Venice, 1634–8). She died in Venice. Also danced in Tempe Restored, 1632. Masquer in Chlor.

Windsor, Lady Catherine [ née Somerset] (1590–1641). Seventh and youngest daughter of the Earl of Worcester; sister to Lady Guildford, Lady Petre, Lady Somerset (above), and Lady Winter (below). Married Thomas, sixth Lord Windsor (1591–1641). Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty and Queens.

Winter, Lady Anne [ née Somerset]. Third daughter of the Earl of Worcester, sister to Lady Guildford, Lady Petre, Lady Somerset, and Lady Windsor (above). Married Sir Edward Winter (c. 1560–1619) of Lydney, Gloucestershire in 1597. Danced in Tethys’ Festival, 1610. Masquer in Beauty and Queens.

Wroth, Lady Mary [ née Sidney] (1587?–c. 1652). Daughter of Sir Robert Sidney, first Earl of Leicester, and niece of Philip Sidney. Married Sir Robert Wroth (1576–1614) of Durrants, Essex, in 1604, for whom see Forest 3. Became mistress to her cousin, the third Earl of Pembroke, and bore him two children. As author of Urania and much poetry, she is arguably the period's most important woman writer. Jonson dedicated Alch. to her, and addresses her in Epigr. 103 and 105, and Und. 28. Masquer in Blackness.