Marking up the bibliography of an article can take as much as half the entire markup time for the article. This is because the information in a biblio reference is quite detailed, and in order to be harvestable and useful it needs to be marked up carefully. The bibliography also needs to be marked up before the text itself, because the text will be full of links to items in the bibliography, so their @xml:id attributes must be known before we can mark up the text.. The bibliography of the article appears in the <back> element of the <text> element, and it looks like this:
<back> <div type="bibliogr"> <head>References</head> <listBibl> <bibl>[...]</bibl> <bibl>[...]</bibl> </listBibl> </div> </back>
Each item in the bibliography is contained by a <bibl> element, which looks like this:
<bibl xml:id="aida_1994"> <author> <name><surname>Aida</surname>, <forename>Y.</forename></name> </author> (<date when="1994">1994</date>). <title level="a">Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope’s construct of foreign language anxiety: The case of students of Japanese.</title> <title level="j">The Modern Language Journal</title>, <biblScope type="vol">78</biblScope>, <biblScope type="pp">155-168</biblScope>. </bibl>
The original reference in this case looked like this:
Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope’s construct of foreign language anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 78, 155-168.
Key points:
- Each
<bibl>element must have a unique@xml:idattribute, created from the lower-case surname(s) of the author(s), followed by an underscore and the year of the document. In the case of multiple documents from the same year, add a suffix such as a, b, c etc. The@xml:idattribute is what will be used to link references in the text to the bibliographical items they refer to. - The components of the reference remain in their normal sequence. All we need to do is to apply some markup to them; we don't change the actual text, or the order of items, at all.
- We attempt to mark up everything we can usefully mark up.
- Titles are marked up using the
<title>tag, with the@levelattribute showing the kind of title it is. These are the values for the level attribute:- <title level="a">This is an article title</title>
- <title level="m">This is a book or monograph title</title>
- <title level="j">This is a journal or periodical title</title>
- <title level="s">This is a series title</title>
- <title level="u">This is an unpublished title</title>
<title>tag. - Authors are marked up with the
<author>tag, which contains a<name>tag; inside the<name>tag, the<surname>and<forename>are tagged. For multiple forenames or initials, just use a single<forename>tag, like this:<author><name><surname<Holmes</surname>, <forename>Martin David</forename></name></author>
Any punctuation (such as a comma between surname and forenames) should be left outside the<surname>and<forename>tags. - Editors are tagged just like authors, but they use the
<editor>tag instead. - Dates are wrapped in a
<date>tag, and the value of the date is added in the@whenattribute of the date tag. Normally, in the case of a year, this will be identical to the content of the tag:<date when="1994">1994</date>
but the@whenattribute takes a formal ISO date in the form YYYY-MM-DD, with optional MM and DD, so in some cases the@whenattribute will be different from the tag content, like this:<date when="1994-01">January, 1994</date>
- Enclose a publisher in the
<publisher>tag. - Enclose the publication place in a
<pubPlace>tag. - Edition information should be wrapped in an edition tag:
<edition>3rd ed.</edition>
- For volume/issue numbers, use
<biblScope>tags, with the appropriate@typeattribute:<biblScope type="vol">28</biblScope>
<biblScope type="issue">3</biblScope>
- For page numbers, use the same tag with
@type="pp":<biblScope type="pp">26-45</biblScope>
- For links to external urls, use a
<ref>tag, with the URL in the@targetattribute; whatever you would like to show as the linked text (usually the URL itself) should be inside the<ref>tag:<ref target="http://hotpot.uvic.ca/">http://hotpot.uvic.ca/</ref>
Here are some more real-life examples:
<bibl xml:id="chun_plass_2000"><author><name><surname>Chun</surname>, <forename>D. M.</forename></name></author> & <author><name><surname>Plass</surname>, <forename>J. L.</forename></name></author> (<date when="2000">2000</date>). <title level="a">Networked multimedia environments for second language acquisition.</title> In <editor><name><forename>M.</forename> <surname>Warshauer</surname></name></editor> & <editor><name><surname>Kern</surname>, <forename>R. G.</forename></name></editor> (Eds.), <title level="m">Network-Based Language Teaching: Concepts and Practice</title> (pp. <biblScope type="pp">151-170</biblScope>). <pubPlace>Cambridge</pubPlace>: <publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher>.</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="daly_1991"><author><name><surname>Daly</surname>, <forename>J.</forename></name></author> (<date when="1991">1991</date>). <title level="a">Understanding communication apprehension: An introduction for language educators.</title> In <editor><name><forename>E. K.</forename> <surname>Horwitz</surname></name></editor> & <editor><name><forename>D. J.</forename> <surname>Young</surname></name></editor> (Eds.), <title level="m">Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications</title>. <pubPlace>Englewood Cliffs, NJ</pubPlace>: <publisher>Prentice Hall</publisher>.</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="blake_2000"><author><name><surname>Blake</surname>, <forename>R.</forename></name></author> (<date when="2000">2000</date>). <title level="a">Computer-mediated communication: A window in L2 Spanish Interlanguage.</title> <title level="j">Language Learning and Technology</title>, <biblScope type="vol">4</biblScope>, <biblScope type="pp">120-136</biblScope>. Retrieved <date notAfter="2004-03-05">March 5, 2004</date> from <ref target="http://llt.msu.edu/vol4num1/blake/default.html"></ref>.</bibl>